Identify the purpose of Cellular Respiration.

to convert chemical energy stored in nutrients into a usable energy form ATP

Describe the overall equation of cellular respiration.

Cells turning food into usable energy using oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a waste. Body burning fuel.

Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and fermentation and their distinguishing factors ( oxygen vs. no oxygen…. Microbes vs. Animals).

They are both catabolic pathways that breakdown glucose to generate ATP. But Respiration requires oxygen to produce substantial ATP. Fermentation acts as an anaerobic backup, producing 2 ATP.

Describe how the structure of mitochondria relates to the process of cellular respiration.

has specialized structural components that helps facilitate the citric acid cycle and phosphorylation

Describe how to calculate the number of ATP, NADH, FADH2, formed in each phase of cellular respiration, and how many ATP are produced overall.

tracking the production of ATP, NADH, and FADH through three main stages: Glycolysis, the Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction), and the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle).

Describe how other organic molecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) are broken down and describe what intermediates they enter the phases of cellular respiration as

Organic molecules are broken down through digestion into monomer subunits—carbohydrates into glucose, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and proteins into amino acids

Describe how glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are regulated and what effects this regulation

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are regulated through allosteric enzyme modulation and substrate availability, ensuring ATP production matches cellular energy needs

Describe of how oxygen deprivation affects muscle cells

forces a shift from efficient aerobic metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis, causing rapid fatigue due to increased lactic acid accumulation

Describe the process of the electron transport system showing how all of the parts of this system function and how ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation

series of protein complexes (I-IV) in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons from NADH and FADH to oxygen, creating a proton gradient

Describe Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation and explain how they occur, when they occur and what organisms will benefit from their use

LAF converts pyruvate into lactate when the cells need energy, AF converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2 when there is no oxygen.

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Bio Unit 4 CR

Written Questions

Question	Answer
Identify the purpose of Cellular Respiration.	to convert chemical energy stored in nutrients into a usable energy form ATP
Describe the overall equation of cellular respiration.	Cells turning food into usable energy using oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a waste. Body burning fuel.
Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and fermentation and their distinguishing factors ( oxygen vs. no oxygen…. Microbes vs. Animals).	They are both catabolic pathways that breakdown glucose to generate ATP. But Respiration requires oxygen to produce substantial ATP. Fermentation acts as an anaerobic backup, producing 2 ATP.
Describe how the structure of mitochondria relates to the process of cellular respiration.	has specialized structural components that helps facilitate the citric acid cycle and phosphorylation
Describe how to calculate the number of ATP, NADH, FADH2, formed in each phase of cellular respiration, and how many ATP are produced overall.	tracking the production of ATP, NADH, and FADH through three main stages: Glycolysis, the Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction), and the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle).
Describe how other organic molecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) are broken down and describe what intermediates they enter the phases of cellular respiration as	Organic molecules are broken down through digestion into monomer subunits—carbohydrates into glucose, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and proteins into amino acids
Describe how glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are regulated and what effects this regulation	Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are regulated through allosteric enzyme modulation and substrate availability, ensuring ATP production matches cellular energy needs
Describe of how oxygen deprivation affects muscle cells	forces a shift from efficient aerobic metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis, causing rapid fatigue due to increased lactic acid accumulation
Describe the process of the electron transport system showing how all of the parts of this system function and how ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation	series of protein complexes (I-IV) in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons from NADH and FADH to oxygen, creating a proton gradient
Describe Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation and explain how they occur, when they occur and what organisms will benefit from their use	LAF converts pyruvate into lactate when the cells need energy, AF converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2 when there is no oxygen.

Created by: charlidobson

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