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Unit 4 Cell. Resp.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aerobic | Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen |
| Anaerobic | Growing or metabolizing only in the absence of molecular oxygen |
| Cell Fractionation | A technique that divides cells into fractions containing a single type or organelle |
| Dehydrogenations | Reactions in which hydrogens along with electrons are removed from a substance and transferred to NAD+ and FAD+ |
| Decarboxylations | Reactions in which CO2 is removed from a substance and exhaled as a byproduct if cellular respiration |
| Glycolysis | This is the first series of oxidative reactions that will remove electrons from cellular food molecules |
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | An enzyme catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP |
| Fermentation | Process in which electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to the electron transfer system |
| Lactate Fermentation | Reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Reaction in which pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in a two-step series that also converts into NADH and NAD+ |
| Strict Anaerobes | Organism in which fermentation is the only source of ATP (aka obligate anaerobes) |
| Facultative Anaerobes | An organism that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, using oxygen when it is present and living by fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
| Oxidative Decarboxylation | A reaction in which molecule of CO2 is removed from a carboxyl group of an organic acid in the presence of molecular oxygen |
| Proton-motive-force | Stored energy that contributes to ATP synthesis, as well as to the co transport of substances to and from the mitochondria |
| Embden-Meyerhoff | glycolytic pathway utilized by organisms, two phases, converting glucose into pyruvate while generating ATP |
| Cristae | inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| Cytosol | gel-like component of a cell's cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria | membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| Intermembrane Space | the narrow, aqueous region located between the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts |
| Matrix | the non-living intercellular substance or ground medium that embeds cells, supports tissues, and facilitates communication |
| NAD+/NADH | crucial electron carrier in metabolic processes, converting food into cellular energy. NAD+ (oxidized/empty) accepts electrons, while NADH (reduced/full) carries them |
| FAD+/FADH | vital redox cofactors acting as electron carriers in cellular metabolism, particularly in the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. |
| Pyruvate Oxidation | aerobic metabolic process occurring in the mitochondrial matrix that connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle |
| Hexokinase | the first step of glycolysis, phosphorylating six-carbon sugars (hexoses) like glucose into glucose-6-phosphate |
| glucose-6-phosphate | phosphorylated form of glucose that acts as a central metabolic hub inside cells, trapping glucose for immediate use |
| fructose-6-phosphate | phosphorylated sugar intermediate in cellular metabolism |
| phosphoglucomutase | enzyme found in all plant and animal cells that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and glucose 6-phosphate |
| fructose-1 | derivative of fructose produced primarily in the liver by fructokinase during fructose metabolism |
| 6-biphphosphate | a potent allosteric regulator that stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver tissues, acting as a "glucose traffic controller" to manage blood sugar |
| phosphofructokinas | key allosteric enzyme and the primary rate-limiting step in glycolysis, catalyzing the irreversible conversion of fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and ATP into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and ADP |
| glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate | acts as a key product of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle) and a precursor for glucose and energy production |
| dihydroxyacetonephosphate | providing essential energy and structural components for cell function |
| Aldolase | enzyme primarily found in muscle and liver tissue that helps break down sugar to produce energy |
| Triosephosphateisomerase | highly efficient, "catalytically perfect" enzyme essential for glycolysis, catalyzing the rapid, reversible interconversion of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) |
| Triosephosphatedehydrogenase | critical role in cellular energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, and in regulating non-metabolic processes like apoptosis, membrane transport, and RNA binding |
| 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, | vital 3-carbon intermediate in glycolysis and the Calvin cycle, acting as a high-energy compound that facilitates ATP synthesis |
| Phosphoglyceratekinase | a critical monomeric enzyme (approx. 45 kDa) in the glycolytic pathway. |
| 3-phosphoglycerate | produced in the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle during photosynthesis and in the seventh step of glycolysis |
| Enolase | for activity. It acts as a multifunctional, "moonlighting" protein involved in growth, autoimmunity, and cancer progression |
| pyruvate | It acts as a fuel source for the citric acid cycle (aerobically) or converts to lactate/ethanol (anaerobically), supporting energy metabolism in all living cells |
| oxidative decarboxylation | metabolic process that removes a carboxyl group (as CO2 ) and oxidizes a molecule simultaneously, typically generating NADH and activating a substrate |
| Citrate | a salt or ester of citric acid |
| oxaloacetate | a critical metabolic intermediate in the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis, essential for cellular energy production (ATP) and mitochondrial function |
| Krebs Cycle | a central 8-step metabolic pathway in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce CO₂, ATP, and electron carriers |
| Electron Tranport System/chain | is a series of protein complexes and mobile electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (or prokaryotic plasma membrane) that transfers electrons from NADH and to oxygen |
| ubiquinone | vital, fat-soluble, vitamin-like antioxidant found in every cell membrane, especially the heart, liver, and kidneys |
| coenzyme Q | vitamin-like antioxidant produced naturally by the body and found in every cell, essential for mitochondrial energy production |
| flavin mononucleotide | key redox cofactor for various oxidoreductase enzymes |
| iron-sulfer proteins | electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis, they also catalyze reactions, regulate gene expression, and stabilize protein structures |
| cytochrome complexes | iron-containing hemeprotein complex that facilitates electron transfer and proton translocation across biological membranes |
| H+ or Proton gradient | higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) on one side of a membrane compared to the other, creating electrochemical potential energy |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the final stage of aerobic cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondrial inner membrane, where electron transport (oxidation) drives ATP synthesis (phosphorylation) |
| substrate phosphorylation | a rapid metabolic process that directly generates ATP or GTP by transferring a high-energy phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP or GDP |
| Coenzyme A | acts as an acyl group carrier |
| Coenzyme | a small, non-protein organic molecule that binds loosely to an enzyme to aid in catalytic reactions |
| cofactors | non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions required for an enzyme's catalytic activity, acting as "helper molecules" to transform substrates |
| ATP Synthase | acting as a rotary engine in cellular membranes to produce adenosine triphosphate |
| NADH reductase | It oxidizes NADH to NAD+, transferring electrons to ubiquinone (reducing it to ubiquinol) and pumping protons across the inner membrane |
| 7.3 kcal | the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water |
| Fermentation | anaerobic metabolic process where microorganisms like bacteria and yeast convert carbohydrates (sugars/starches) into acids, alcohol, or gases |
| Lactic Acid | organic compound produced by muscles and red blood cells when breaking down carbohydrates for energy during low-oxygen (anaerobic) conditions, such as intense exercise |
| Ethanol | flammable liquid and a widely used biofuel, industrial solvent, and alcoholic beverage ingredient |
| oxygen debt | the increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity |
| glycerol | a colorless, odorless, viscous, and sweet-tasting liquid, commonly used as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener |
| fatty acids | carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains that act as vital energy sources, cell membrane components, and signaling molecules |
| urea | vital nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver from protein metabolism |
| alanine | non essential amino acids, supports immune system function and provides energy to muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system |
| aspartate | It aids in producing other amino acids, nucleotide synthesis, and mineral absorption |
| glutamate | acts as a primary signaling molecule for up to 90% of synaptic connections, aiding cognitive functions, neuroplasticity, and pain transmission. It is strictly regulated to prevent toxicity |
| strict anaerobes | microorganism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen and is often killed by it |
| deamination | It breaks down excess proteins for energy, converting toxic nitrogenous waste into ammonia, which is then converted into urea |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency for all living cells, acting like a rechargeable battery |
| ADP | a molecule that acts like a "partly charged battery" for your cells |
Created by:
charlidobson