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Unit 7
Chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The executive | The branch of government, or the individual(s) at the top of that branch, that executes or administers policies and laws in a country. |
| bureaucracy | A form of organization that, in its ideal form, has individuals operating and working under established, specified, and complex rules. In government, the organization of unelected officials, usually in executive branch, that executes, and enforces laws |
| head of state | A person with executive functions who is a country’s symbolic representative, including elected presidents and unelected monarchs. |
| head of government | The top executive official responsible for forming governments and formulating and implementing policies. |
| prime minister | A chief executive in a parliamentary system of government. |
| president | An executive leader who typically combines the functions of head of state and head of government and is not directly responsible to a legislature. |
| monarch | A head of state in a monarchy, who usually inherits a position for life and may have either substantial political powers or very limited ceremonial powers. |
| government | In the context of executives, the set of top elected executive officials and high-level political appointees that shape and orient policy; also refers to the broader administrative apparatus of the state. |
| administration | The bureaucracy of state officials, usually considered part of the executive branch, that executes policy. |
| executive–legislative relations | The set of political relationships between the executive branch of government, which executes laws/policies, and the legislative branch, which often has the authority to pass those laws/policies. |
| presidentialism | A system of government in which a president serves as chief executive, being independent of the legislature and often combining the functions of head of state and head of government. |
| direct elections | With regard to executives, an electoral system in which voters cast a vote directly for the head of government or head of state. |
| Parliamentarism | A system of government in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to a parliament or legislature. |
| indirect election | Electoral system in which representatives are chosen by other elected officials rather than directly by the citizenry at large. |
| semi-presidential systems | A mixed or hybrid system combining aspects of presidentialism and parliamentarism. |
| formal powers | The powers possessed by a political actor, such as a chief executive, as a function of their constitutional or legal position. |
| veto | An act of executive power in which an executive rejects a law passed by a legislature. |
| dissolving the legislature | The practice of a chief executive disbanding the legislature, often accompanied in a democratic regime by calling for new elections. |
| decrees | Executive-made orders that have the force of law despite not being passed through a legislature. |
| executive orders | Orders made by a chief executive or top official to the bureaucracy that determine how the bureaucracy should enact or interpret the law. |
| state of emergency | A condition allowed by some constitutions in which guarantees, rights, or provisions are temporarily limited, to be justified by emergencies or exceptional circumstances. |
| term limits | Restrictions on the number of times or total amount of time a political official can serve in a given position. |
| impeachment | A process by which a legislature initiates proceedings to determine whether an official, often a top-ranking executive official, should be removed from office. |
| vote of no confidence | A vote taken by a legislature that expresses a lack of support for the government or executive, which, if successful, often results in the dissolution of the government and the calling of new legislative elections. |
| partisan powers | The powers accruing to a government official, such as a chief executive, by virtue of the official’s leverage or power over members of a political party. |
| coalition | A group of two or more political parties that governs by sharing executive power and responsibilities. |
| cabinet | The group of senior officials in the executive branch, including ministers, who advise the head of government or head of state. |
| portfolio | The set of duties and tasks that correspond to a given ministerial office. |
| minimum winning coalition | A governing coalition that contains no surplus parties beyond those required to form a government. |
| minimum connected winning coalition | A minimum winning coalition in which all parties in the coalition are “connected” or adjacent to one another on the political spectrum. |
| minimum size coalition | A governing coalition that is closest to the threshold needed to govern, typically 50 percent of the legislative seats plus one seat. |
| grand coalition | A governing coalition composed of two or more major parties that hold a supermajority of legislative seats and represent a supermajority of the electorate. |
| informal powers | Those powers possessed by an office holder that are not “official” but rather based on custom, convention, or other sources of influence. |
| patronage | The use of government favors, typically in the form of employment, to garner political support. |
| clientelism | The practice of exchanging political favors, often in the form of government employment or services, for political support. |
| populism | A political approach in which leaders, often heads of government and top executive branch officials, make direct appeals to “the people” and seek to develop direct political ties with the masses. |
| consociational | Systems that use formal mechanisms to coordinate different groups sharing access to power. |
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