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Org Evo Exam 2
jay hosler im going to get you
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the inheritance model that Darwin proposed? | Particulate inheritance |
| What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? | 1. There is no selection 2. There is no mutation 3. There is no migration 4. There are no chance events 5. Individuals choose their mates at random |
| What is the equation of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 |
| Name one example of how selection can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in fruit flies. Flies with the fast Adh gene live longer and have greater fitness. The flies were selected for fitness based on their Adh gene. |
| Name one example of how migration can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | The One Island Model. Everyone on continent is AA, everyone on island is aa. The migratory gene flow from the continent contributes a relatively large fraction to island's gene pool, whereas the gene flow from the island to continent is inconsequential. |
| What are pros and cons of sexual reproduction? | Pros: - Deleterious genes do not pass as quickly - Adapt to fluctuating environments Cons: - Expensive - Complicated - Slow |
| What are asymmetric limits? | When one sex contributes much more in resources, time, or energy in reproduction |
| What is the difference between mating success and reproductive success? | Mating success: How many times you mate Reproductive success: How many offspring you sire |
| What is a nuptial gift? | A material offering given (typically) to a female during courtship, which can increase the donor's mating/reproductive success |
| What are the gametic differences in females vs males? | Females have few, large gametes Males have many, small gametes |
| What are the mating differences in females vs males? | Males can mate multiple times, with little impact on fitness if males mate with an inappropriate female Females mate once per breeding season, with a potential significant impact on her fitness |
| What is a simultaneous hermaphrodite? | An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs at all times (slugs) |
| What is a sequential hermaphrodite? | An organism that switches between male and female reproductive genitalia, based on which one might be needed (clownfish) |
| What is a gonochoristic organism? | An organism that has strictly male or female genitalia (newts) |
| What is an example of post-copulation competition? | Sperm competition in fruit flies. Sex peptide in fruit flies' ejaculate can inhibit female receptivity for 48 hours. |
| What is the basis of female choice/discrimination? | Direct benefits and indirect benefits |
| What is an example of a direct benefit? | Hanging flies provide a nuptial gift of prey to the female during copulation. This provides an immediate benefit of nutrients for the female. The larger the prey, the longer the copulation period |
| What is an example of an indirect benefit? | Gray tree frogs. Those with stronger/better calls may be an indication of better health and genes. Male frogs with more impressive calls may be chosen more often by females. Better genes can increase the female's reproductive success |
| What are the five types of cryptic choice? | 1. Dry sex/wet sex 2. Internal mazes 3. Sperm dumping 4. Internal sperm sorting chambers 5. The Bruce Effect |
| Name an example of dry/wet mating | Sheet web spiders. Males do many dry intermissions, to prep the female. If interrupted, the female will lay unfertilized eggs. Female can reject by leaving before he gets to final stage |
| Name an example of internal mazes | Ducks. In order for a male to have success in mating, the female must relax her clockwise vagina, to allow the male's counterclockwise penis to enter |
| Name an example of sperm dumping | C. elegans get rid of excess sperm by ejecting it from themselves |
| Name an example of sperm sorting | Dung flies with their spermathecae. Females prefer to store more sperm from large males in paired spermathecae |
| Name an example of the Bruce Effect | Gelada baboons. Females can induce spontaneous abortions when a new alpha male takes over to avoid wasting time and infanticide |
| What is monogamy? | When an organism has only one partner at a time (prairie voles) |
| What is polyandry? | When one female organism mates with multiple males (honey bees) |
| What is promiscuity? | When everyone has multiple partners! Let's get it on! |
| What is polygyny? | When one male mates with more than one female while each female mates with only one male |
| Define female defense polygyny vs resource polygyny vs male dominance polygyny | FD: Females aggregate for protection (Sea Lions) R: A male can support multiple females by competing with males for access to resources (Marine Iguanas) MD: Males gather in a particular spot to perform and impress females (Great Sage Grouse) |
| What are the types of social interactions we discussed? | - Mutualism - Selfishness - Spite - Altruism |
| Name an example of mutualism | Hermit crab and sea anemone. Hermit crab gets protection, sea anemone gets the crumbs from the crab |
| Name an example of selfishness | Cane toad tadpole cannibals. Bufanoids released by tadpoles act as a predator deterrent, but also attract other tadpoles and cause cannibalism. Tadpoles that cannibalize grow faster, metamorphize sooner, and survive at higher rates |
| Name an example of spite | Xenorhabdus bacteria. Two natural populations make deadly chemicals to try to wipe out the other populations. They end up killing some of their own population in the process, leading to a dead zone where their areas overlap |
| Name an example of altruism | Ground squirrels. When predators are nearby, ground squirrels will call to alert their family members of the danger. This helps protect the natal group, but alerts the predator to the caller's location as well |
| What are the three indicators of eusociality? | 1. Overlap of generations 2. Cooperation brood care 3. Specialized castes |
Created by:
biggiecheese8