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A&P L14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fetal development: development of external genitals begins ___ weeks | 12 |
| Nipples are formed when in fetal development | early (7 weeks) before the formation of specific male or female sex organs |
| Biological sex is determined by | your genes. Specifically the presence or absence of the Y chromosome |
| The X chromosome contains _____ genes | 900 |
| The Y contains ______ genes | 50 |
| SRY gene stands for | the Sex Determining Region of Y protein |
| The SRY gene provides | instructions for making a protein called the sex-determining region Y protein |
| The SRY protein functions as a | transcription factor, meaning it alters transcription (DNA into RNA) Simply, it turns genes ON or OFF |
| Homology | is a relationship defined between structures or DNA derived from a common ancestor Example: the head of the penis (glans) is developmentally homologous with the clitoris |
| Do male or female have the SRY gene? | Male |
| An early embryo contains what two ducts? | Wolfian and Mullerian With the SRY, you either develop only one |
| When there is no SRY | the wolfian duct degrades. Mullerian ducts form uterine tubes and uterus |
| When SRY is present | wolfian ducts form epidydmis and vas deferens. Mulerian ducts degrade |
| Swyer syndrome- | a disorder of sex development These XY children (typically biologically men) appear as normal and healthy with female genitals but internal structures are unlike typical males or females (cryptochidism) |
| When do symptoms begin to show? | At puberty, symptoms begin to manifest. These include Breast fails to develop No menstruation |
| Common treatment after genetic diagnosis include | Hormone replacement (estrogen and progesterone) Removal of cryptic internal organs due to cancer risk |
| Testosterone is the precursor to | estrogen No testosterone = Estrogen |
| Functions of the male reproductive system: | Produce androgens, sex hormones, such as testosterone Reproduction through the formation of sperm (spermatogenesis) Delivery of sperm during sexual intercourse |
| Scrotum (3) | Testis Epididymis ductus |
| Glands (3) | Prostate Seminal Bulbo-urethral |
| Penis (4) | shaft/body head/glans prepuce/foreskin External urethral orifice |
| Prostate cancer: | 2nd most common cancer in men, second to skin cancer Early direction via prostate exam or blood test is key to survival |
| Blood test to measure levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). | This is a poor predictor for cancer as PSA levels vary across populations and can fluctuate within and individual If PSA levels are suspicious a biopsy will be done |
| Depending on stage of prostate cancer, it can be treated by | chemotherapy or surgical removal |
| Anatomy of testes: coiled sperm forming tubes called | seminiferous tubules |
| External tunic albuginea encloses the | seminiferous tubules |
| Repeated lobules containing coiled | seminiferious tubules |
| Within the tubules are 5 types of developing sperm cells called | germ cells + supporting sertoli cells |
| Sperm develop ______ to _____ | superficial to deep |
| Sertoli cells- | support and protect germ cells and form the blood-testis barrier. Also called “nurse” cells for their supportive role |
| Structure of sperm: | head contains DNA, midpiece mitochondria, and tail provides motility |
| *The volume of a sperm cell is 85,000 times less than that of the female gamete. Approximately 100 to 300 million sperm are produced each day, whereas females typically ovulate only on oocyte per month | |
| Gametogenesis | similar process between sexes with very different outcomes |
| Testosterone is the primary male hormone responsible for | regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility |
| Leydig cells are located outside of | the seminiferous tubules |
| Leydig cells are responsible for | producing the steroid hormone, testosterone This begins week 7 of pregnancy and contributes to development of male structures |
| Functions of testosterone | Leydig cells produce approximately 6 to 7 mg of testosterone a day |
| In females the ovaries secrete small amounts of | testosterone, although most is converted to estradiol A small amount of testosterone is also secreted by the adrenal glands in both sexes. |
| Control of Testosterone | the regulation of testosterone concentrations throughout the body is critical for male reproductive function |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone released from anterior pituitary |
| Testosterone controls negative feedback to | hypothalamus and Ant Pit |
| Inhibin controls | negative feedback to Ant pit tells it to stop releasing FSH |
Created by:
liladdoyle