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Micro Immu Quiz 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recognition of self | Us. Self-molecules |
| Nonself | - Body cannot recognize absence of self - Looking for peptidoglycan - Innate recognition |
| Somatic generated receptors | randomly generated. B-cell and T-cell receptors - Part of Nonself |
| Absence of self molecules | cell that has a reduction in surface expression of MHC I |
| How is the immune system regulated | Very Highly |
| What are the immune system regulated by | Ligand receptor interactions |
| Affinity | single binding site and strength of interactions |
| Avidity | Total strength of binding at multiple sites |
| Antigens | Specifically binds to a receptor |
| Antigenic determinants (epitopes) | smallest part of antigen bound by receptor. |
| Immunogens | anything that reduce immune response. - Also releases humoral/cellular response |
| Haptens | c |
| Tolerogens | Induce or trained unresponsiveness |
| What factors affect imunogenicity? | - Size - Complexity - Conformation - Chemical Properties |
| What is Lipid A found in Gram (-) responsible for | The immune system |
| Barriers | 1st PHYSICAL l layer of defense. - Not part of immune system |
| Innate Immune response | 1st IMMUNE line of defense |
| Adaptive immune system | - 2nd Immune defense |
| Mucous Membrane | - Nose - Sinuses - Mouth - Stomach - Part of skin |
| Respiratory (part of physical protection) | Hair and cilia protects airways from microbes |
| Urination | Another act of physical barrier |
| Acidic pH | -Skin - Stomach - Vagina |
| Barriers to infections include | - Defensins – damage microbial cell walls - Fatty acids – inhibits - RNAse and DNAse - Lysozyme – breaks down peptidoglycan |
| Biological | Commensal Microbes |
| Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) | Recognizes broad motifs/pattern found in pathogen - Can be on surface or inside of the cell - Detects the molecules - Soluble |
| Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns | sugars proteins lipids and nucleic acid |
| Toll like receptors | - Type of PRR - TLR4 helps to detect LPS. It can activates signaling pathways which causes change to the cells. Leads to protein, cytokine, and chemokine secretion |
| Complement receptors | attachment point for phagocytes |
| specific epitope is bound allowing binding of these | FC Receptors |
| IgE | can be bound by specific cells in the absence of epitode |
| IgE is responsible for.... | -Responsible for allergic responses. Histamine – micelles and bacells |
| Somatically Generated Receptors | Associated with the DNA - Randomly generated by rearrangements - DNA mix of Mom and Dad |
| B-cell receptors | – cell surface antibody. Immunoglobin alpha and beta sends signal to the cell for activation |
| T - Cell receptors | Heterodimer. Associated with CD3 complex |
| CD4/CD8 act as | Coreceptors for T-Cell receptors |
| Immune system | – host defense system. VERY POWERFUL |
| Inactivation T Cells | causes shock and lead to death |
| Innate Immune System | no memory. Broad pattern (peptidoglycan, flagella, toxins) |
| Adaptive Immune System | B and T cells. |
| Thymus | – very 1st lymphoid organ to develop - Site for thymic education of T-cells - Thymus shrinks over puberty - 65 or older needs higher dose of vaccine |
| Positive Selection | self MHC. Detect self and interact with MHC |
| Negative Selection | how cell react to self-epitope. Negative outcome cause damages to cell and it will be eliminated |
| Bone marrow | B cells - If they react to self-epitopes to cause them to activate, they will be eliminated |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Primary organs include... | - Thymus - Bone Marrow - Apoptosis |
| Secondary organs include... | - Spleen - Lymph Nodes -Mucosal Associated lymph tissue - Lymphatic circulatory system |
| Spleen | filters blood. - Concentrates blood borne antigens microbes and macrophages. |
| Those without spleen are high risk... | - getting infected encapsulated bacteria (strep pnuemonae) |
| Lymph nodes | sampling cells all over ur body. Filters lymph fluid. |
| Mucosal associated lymph tissues | Mouth, sinuses, gut. Where lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells mix |
| Lymphatic circulatory system | different from blood circulatory. Lymph fluid circulation. Connected to spleen and lymph nodes |
| Innate immune system includes... | - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells - Leukocytes (WBC) |
| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells | Generation of RBC and WBC |
| Leukopenia | Low WBC |
| Leukocytosis | High WBC |
| Neutropenia | low neutrophils |
| Neutrophilic leukocytosis | – High neutrophils |
| Thrombocytopenia | Low platelets. They bleed out |
| Myeloid lineage cells | Part of innate immune system. Includes monocytes and macrophages |
| Agranular leukocytes | - Monocytes – circulaton - Macrophages – Tissue resident - Phagocytosis – disposal. Macrophages eliminates threat |
| - Dendritic cells | • Micropinocytosis – nutrient recycling • Professional antigen presenting cells present cells to T cells |
| Granular leukoc ytes (Granulocytes) includes... | - Neutrophills - Basophills - Mast cells - Eosisnophils |
| Neutrophils | Most numerous leukocytes • Release granules containing microbial factors • Effective at killing bacteria and 1st to site of infection • Can produce NET (neutrophil extracellular traps) • Detect bacteria, chase them, and swallows them |
| Basophils | Allergic responses. Are in circulation • Releases Histamine (for allergies) • Anaphylaxis – severe allergic reaction • IgE attached to cell |
| Mast cells | tissue specific • Innate cells. Help adapt to immune response |
| Eosinophils | Innate. Helminth (parasites and worms) responses • Part of allergic response • Contain proteins that are proinflammatory and toxic |
| Lymphoid Lineage | Both Innate and adaptive |
| B cells recognizes... | one type of antibody and one type of epitope (professional antigen producing cells) |
| CD4 + T Cells | • Recognizes MHC 2 (found on phagocytic cell) |
| CD8 + T Cells | • Any nucleated cell • MHC 1 |
| Natural killer cells | perforin (punches hole in cell) and granzyme (enters). Killer activator/inhibition receptors - Can take you out when you are stressed |
| Natural killer T cells | responsive to nature |
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