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Bio 111 exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are hominids? | originated in Africa, gorillas & chimps, homo erectus & homo sapien fossils found in dry areas |
| Ardi characteristics | grasping hand, opposable toe, intermediate canine |
| homo habilis | earliest known member of genus homo, bigger brain, reduced molars & premolars, 2.2 to 1.6 mya in East Africa |
| homo ergaster | close relative of modern humans, skull has higher vaulting than earlier species, lacks sagittal crest |
| homo erectus | 1.8-400,000 years ago, larger brain, evolved in east Africa, fire, cooking, utilized tools |
| homo neanderthalensis | co-occurred with homo sapiens, hunting, lived in caves, interbred with homo sapiens, short, robust stature |
| denisovans | interbred with neanderthals and homo sapiens, tip of a finger found in a cave |
| homo sapiens | 200,000 years ago, evolved in Africa, had a single species in the lineage. lots of species went extinct and co-occurred before homo sapiens. over 99% DNA sequence similarity with chimps |
| juvenile trait examples | flat face, late arrival of teeth, continue learning through life |
| why are plants essential for all life (3 reasons) | producers- source of all fixed carbon source of oxygen- evolution of aerobic life ozone from oxygen- evolution of terrestrial life |
| chlorophyll c | photosynthetic pigment found in certain groups of algae. captures light energy and passes it to chlorophyll a |
| diatoms | a component of phytoplankton, highly diverse, unicellular algae |
| what do spores grow into? | a haploid, fuse to become a sporophyte |
| charales (aquatic plant) characteristics | -grow by adding to the edges -has terminal growth -attached oogina -openings between cells for communication |
| bryophytes | mosses, liverworts, hornworts. paraphyletic, non-vascular, have rhizoids, waxy cover on outside of leaf |
| rhizoid | anchors the plant and absorbs water by capillary action |
| seed evolution (3 things) | -spores different in size (bigger ones= female) -harsh, protective cell (everything the embryo needs) -increase in parental care |
| 4 parts of most flowers | -sepals: protect bud until it opens -petals: attract insects -stamens: make pollen -carpels: grow into fruits which contain seeds |
| stamen | male reproductive organ of a flower that produces pollen |
| anther | pollen-producing tip of a flower's stamen |
| pistil | female reproductive part of a flower that produces seeds and fruit |
| pollination | when pollen grains land on a stigma |
| how is the generative (sperm) nucleus protected? | in gametophyte tissue |
| 2 nuclei that pollen contains | -generative cell: divides to form the two sperm cells -tube cell: produces pollen tube |
| plant life cycle (haploid half) | spores to gametophytes (by mitosis), then from gametophytes to gametes |
| plant life cycle (diploid half) | gametes to zygote fusion to sporophyte (by mitosis), then sporophyte to spores (by mitosis) |
| mosses characteristics | terrestrial, need water for fertilization, homosporous |
| dominant stage for mosses | gametophytes |
| seed plant classes (2) | gymnosperm- seed-producing plants whose seeds are not enclosed in a fruit angiosperm- flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit |
| 3 ways to avoid self-pollination | timing-not have male/female structures at the same time morphological- at different spots, cannot interact biochemical- flower doesn't allow pollen to grow pollen tube |
| what is the shape and form of the pollen related to? | its mode of pollination |
| what types of grains do insect-pollinated species have? | large, sticky grains |
| what types of grains do wind-pollinated species have? | lightweight, small grains |
| zoophilous vs anemophilous | animal-loving vs wind-loving |
| what is ballistic dispersal | plants forcibly eject their seeds |
| what do seeds help plants do? | they help disperse plants and are able to survive harsh conditions |
| photo-autotroph | an organism that generates organic compounds using carbon dioxide and light energy |
| terminal bud | bud located at the very tip of a plant stem, responsible for primary growth |
| c3 photosynthesis | most common metabolic pathway for carbon fixation to convert carbon dioxide into sugar |
| cost of open stomata | water loss |
| transpiration and significance | evaporation of water from above-ground leaves. it replenishes water loss, enables access to soil nutrients, and cooling of plant tissue |
| cost of transpiration | closed stomata. when you stop water from going out, you stop CO2 from coming in |
| photorespiration | Rubisco binds to oxygen, so sugars aren't being made. it's a waste of energy and Rubisco. |
| c4 photosynthesis | separates initial carbon fixation and the calvin cycle into the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells |
| what happens in the mesophyll (c4 photosynthesis) | -CO2 concentrations low -CO2 captured by PEP and carried to bundle sheath cell |
| what happens in the bundle sheath cell | -CO2 concentrated -CO2 enters calvin cycle |
| crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis | -sequestration of CO2 at night b/c it's cool -stomata closed during the day -temporal separation (timing) -most common in deserts, not efficient |
Created by:
madalynes