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Microbio L14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main goal: Herd immunity | Preventing spread of a pathogen by generating immunity in a population Protects those that cannot by immunized Allergy, immunodeficiency |
| Childhood vaccination | Herd immunity generated by routine childhood vaccination Skipping/delaying weakens herd immunity Puts child in danger |
| *Some vaccines last for life, some need boosters every now and then Some viruses mutate too quickly, and so a new vax is needed frequently | |
| Ultimate goal: Eradication | Creating an immune population so that a pathogen dies out Need a -good vaccine -a slowly mutating pathogen -infects only single host -massive public support Only 2 diseases every have been eradicated - Smallpox - Rinderpest |
| Anti-vacination Sentiment | Weakens herd immunity Popularized by debunked study (wakefield) Used 12 kids, claimed MMR caused autism Debunked repeatedly Belief doesn’t persist, it grows |
| Active vaccines | some “live” pathogen |
| Inactive vaccines | some killed/incomplete pathogen |
| Attenuated vaccines | live, but weakened pathogen Stronger immunity, but may still spread |
| Vector | piece of pathogen added to harmless virus |
| Subunit | just a piece of pathogen Requires a separate adjuvant to fully activate immunity |
| mRNA | Temporarily gives body the instructions to make the subunit itself Requires no separate adjuvant |
| Diagnostics and antibodies | Many diagnostics use antibodies for their specificity If an antibody binds my target, then the target is present Remember: antibody-antigen specificity Synthetically made |
| Agglutination | If target antigen is present, antibodies will cause clumping |
| ELISA | Relies on synthetic antibodies with an attached reporter When bound to sample, create light OR cause color change Read en mass by a plate reader Is there light/color change? |
| Indirect ELISA | Looking for patient antibodies for given antigens (usually pathogenic) |
| Sandwich ELISA | Looking for antigens in patient sample Antigens could be anything Pathogens Illicit drugs Hormones |
| ELISA Rapid Tests | Some at home rapid tests allow patients to complete their own ELISA Rather than read samples in a plate reader, instead colored lines will appear on the testing strips The control line is critical!! Example: Pregnancy tests! |
| Weaknesses of Antibody-Based Tests Can’t always test patient for antibodies | Early stages of infection: no antibodies made yet Some immunodeficient patients won’t have antibodies |
| Weaknesses of Antibody-Based Tests Can’t always test patients for antigens | Early infection, antigens too low to detect Same issue with latent infections |
| Detecting Genomes | Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) Detects a gene of interest Ex. if looking for a virus, look for a viral gene |
| Detecting Genomes Process | Very sensitive Take a sample, add primers for your gene of interest, run PCR cycling in special machine If gene is present, it will be copied many many many times |
| Quantitative PCR (qPCR) | Same as pCR, but with special dye Fluoresces only with dsDNA Measure fluorescence to measure amount of your gene of interest |
| Reading qPCR results | Generate curves CT value: threshold cycle, when fluorescence crosses some line Lower CT value means more genes in that og sample! BAD LOW |
Created by:
liladdoyle