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Biology (P1)
Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give the definition of health. | A sate of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What is a communicable disease? | Diseases which can be transferred through individuals |
| What is a non-communicable disease? | Diseases which cannot be transferred through individuals |
| Why can the presence of one disease lead to increased susceptibility to other diseases? | They can attack your immune system and increase the chance of other infections or disease, like HIV |
| What is a pathogen? | A microorganism which causes disease |
| What are the 4 types of pathogen? | Virus, Protists, Bacteria and Fungi |
| In terms of cholera, what pathogen causes it, what symptom does it have and how is it spread? | Bacteria, Diarrhoea, Water |
| In terms of tuberculosis, what pathogen causes it, what symptom does it have and how is it spread? | Bacteria, Lung damage/cough, Airborne |
| In terms of Chalara ash dieback, what pathogen causes it, what symptom does it have and how is it spread? | Fungi, Leaf loss/bark lesions, Airborne |
| In terms of Maleria, what pathogen causes it, what symptom does it have and how is it spread? | Protists, Damage to blood and liver, Mosquito |
| In terms of HIV, what pathogen causes it, what symptom does it have and how is it spread? | Virus, Destroys white blood cells, body fluids |
| In direct contact how are pathogens spread? (4) | Kissing, bodily fluids, faeces or skin-to-skin |
| In water how are pathogens spread? | Through dirty water |
| How are pathogens spread by air? | Through droplets like sneezing or coughing which get breathed in |
| In what ways to reduce the spread can we improve our hygiene? (2) | Washing hands and using tissues when sneezing |
| Give 2 other ways we can reduce the spread. | Vaccines (dead pathogens) and reducing contact with infected individuals |
| How can we remove vectors? | Use pesticides and insecticides |
| How are STIs like chlamydia and HIV spread? | Sexual contact, carried in semen and vaginal fluids |
| How can we reduce the spread? (2) | Barrier methods of contraception or no sexual activity |
| How does mucus act as a physical barrier? | Traps bacteria and pathogens before they reach the lungs |
| How does cilia act as a physical barrier? | Wafts away mucus that has trapped pathogens to be killed by stomach acid |
| How does skin act as a physical barrier? | Acts as physical barrier from pathogens protecting tissues and cells beneath |
| How do lysozymes act as a chemical barrier? | Break down bacterial cell walls to destroy them |
| How does hydrochloric acid act as a chemical barrier? | Kills bacteria in food reaching the stomach |
| How does phagocytosis protect you from Pathogens? | Destroys them, you can't fill ill anymore |
| What do pathogens have on their surface? | Antigens |
| What role do antibodies play on pathogens? | They bind to the antigens and the pathogens clump together, making it easier for white blood cells to find and phagocytosis |
| During this process what do the antigens also do? | Trigger a production of memory lymphocytes |
| What is good about memory lymphocytes (special white blood cells)? | If same pathogen infects you again, those specific antibodies will be produced faster and you will be immune |
| What happens when the immune system produces antitoxins? | They neutralise the toxins released by the pathogen by binding |
| What do vaccines contain? | Dead or inactive form of the pathogen |
| What happens when the vaccine is injected? | White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen's antigens |
| Why can antibiotics only be used to treat bacterial infections? | They inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organism |
| How is preclinical testing used? (3) | Using cells, tissues and live animals |
| How is clinical testing used? | Patients and volunteers |
| What is the placebo group in testing? | Ones who recieve what looks like the drug but no active ingredient |
| What is single-blind and double-blind in testing? | The patient doesn't know if they get drug or placebo or patient and doctor do not know |
| What 2 factors can contribute to the cause of cardiovascular diseases? | Diet with too much saturated fats and inactive lifestyle |
| What 3 things increase the risk of cancer? | Smoking (lung cancer) and age and genetics (breast cancer) |
| What 4 factors can lead to lung and liver diseases? | Smoking, high alcohol, age and genetics |
| What 2 factors can cause vitamin and nutritional deficiencies? | Anorexia and people who can't absorb or use nutrients properly |
| What 2 factors can cause obesity? | Lifestyle and genetics |
| What 3 things can obesity lead to? | Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure |
| What has the government done to help obesity in developed countries? | Sugar Tax |
| Where is malnutrition a bigger problem? | Less developed countries |
| What is the calculation to find out BMI? | Mass / metres squared |
| What BMI classes as obese? | Over 30 |
| How do you work out waist hip ratio? | Waist circumference / Hip circumference |
| What causes liver disease? | High alcohol intake |
| What causes lung disease? | Smoking |
| What is included in life-long medication for cardiovascular disease? | Meds to reduce cholesterol or reduce blood pressure |
| What is included in surgical procedures for cardiovascular disease? (2) | Coronary artery bypass and stent (widening) |
| What is included in lifestyle changes for cardiovascular disease? (3) | Reducing salt and saturated fats in diet, regular exercise and maintaining a healthy BMI |
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