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Chapter 6 powerpoint

TermDefinition
Skeletal cartilage Highly resilient cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water, contains no blood vessels or nerves, and is made of chondrocytes in lacunae within a jelly-like matrix.
Perichondrium Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage; helps resist outward expansion and contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery.
Types of cartilage Three types: hyaline (support, flexibility, resilience), elastic (elastic fibers; ear and epiglottis), fibrocartilage (thick collagen; great tensile strength).
Appositional growth Cartilage growth where new matrix is laid down on the surface by cells in the perichondrium.
Interstitial growth Cartilage growth where chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.
Seven functions of bone Support, protection, anchorage (levers), mineral storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), triglyceride (fat) storage, hormone production (osteocalcin).
Axial skeleton Portion of the skeleton forming the long axis of the body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
Appendicular skeleton Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Long bone Bone longer than it is wide with a medullary cavity extending the length of the shaft; most limb bones.
Short bone Cube-shaped bone; examples include wrist and ankle bones; includes sesamoid bones that form within tendons.
Flat bone Thin, flat, slightly curved bone; examples include sternum, ribs, and most cranial bones.
Irregular bone Bone with complicated shape; examples include vertebrae and hip bones.
Diaphysis Tubular shaft of a long bone; compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity (yellow marrow in adults).
Epiphysis Bone ends of a long bone; compact bone externally and spongy bone internally; covered with articular cartilage at joint surfaces.
Periosteum Double-layered membrane covering external bone surfaces (except joints); outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer with stem cells.
Endosteum Delicate connective tissue membrane lining internal bone surfaces; covers trabeculae and lines canals; contains osteogenic cells.
Red bone marrow Hematopoietic tissue found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones; most active in flat and irregular bones in adults.
Osteogenic cells Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that can differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.
Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid) composed of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.
Osteocytes Mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain matrix and act as stress or strain sensors.
Bone-lining cells Flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain matrix; periosteal cells externally and endosteal cells internally.
Osteoclasts Giant multinucleate cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells; responsible for bone resorption.
Osteon Structural unit of compact bone; concentric lamellae around a central canal.
Canaliculi Hairlike canals connecting lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
Spongy bone Trabecular bone organized along lines of stress; nourished by capillaries in endosteum.
Osteoid Organic portion of bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts; provides tensile strength and flexibility.
Hydroxyapatites Calcium phosphate crystals that make up 65% of bone mass; provide hardness and compression resistance.
Endochondral ossification Bone replaces hyaline cartilage; forms most bones below the skull.
Intramembranous ossification Bone develops from fibrous membranes; forms flat bones like skull and clavicles.
Epiphyseal plate Cartilage plate responsible for longitudinal bone growth; consists of five zones.
Wolff’s law Bone grows or remodels in response to mechanical stress.
PTH (parathyroid hormone) Hormone released when blood calcium is low; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium.
Calcitonin Hormone released when blood calcium is high; lowers calcium at high doses.
Osteoporosis Condition where bone resorption exceeds deposition, leading to porous, fragile bones.
Stages of fracture repair Hematoma → fibrocartilaginous callus → bony callus → remodeling.
Created by: user-2032748
 

 



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