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BIOL mix 1-3
BIOL mix 1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The theory that life has existed for billions of years and changes over time through descent with modification by natural selection |
| Abiogenesis | Processes from which life arose on Earth from nonliving matter |
| Scientific Theory (in science) | A well-substantiated explanation supported by multiple lines of independent evidence |
| Natural Selection | Process in which individuals with heritable traits better suited to their environment leave more offspring |
| Descent with Modification | Species change over generations as heritable traits become more common |
| Genetic Variation | Differences among individuals within a population |
| Artificial Selection | Human-directed selection of desired traits |
| Reproductive Fitness | Ability to survive and leave offspring |
| Lamarck – Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | Traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime are passed to offspring |
| Lamarck – Use and Disuse | Frequently used structures become stronger; unused structures deteriorate |
| Vestigial Structures | Traits that no longer provide functional advantage but persist |
| Direct Observation | Evolution observed occurring in real time |
| Pesticide Treadmill | Cycle where pesticide use selects for resistant individuals, requiring stronger chemicals |
| Homology | Similarity in structures due to shared ancestry |
| Fossil Record | Preserved remains showing historical sequence of life |
| Transitional Fossil | Fossil showing intermediate features between ancestral and modern forms |
| Biogeography | Study of distribution of species in geographic space and geological time |
| Extinction | Failure of a species to adapt leading to disappearance |
| Heritable Trait | Trait that can be passed genetically to offspring |
| Microevolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next |
| Population | Group of individuals of same species in same area where allele frequencies are measured |
| Genetic Variation | Differences in DNA among individuals that make evolution possible |
| Mutation (germ line) | Change in heritable DNA that creates new alleles |
| New Allele | Variant form of a gene created by mutation |
| Chromosomal Change | Large-scale structural change in chromosomes during meiosis |
| Chromosome Fusion | Two ancestral chromosomes join into one |
| Crossing Over | Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I of meiosis |
| Independent Assortment | Random alignment of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I |
| Fertilization | Random union of gametes increasing variation |
| Allele Frequency (p, q) | Proportion of each allele in population |
| Genotype Frequency | Proportion of each genotype in population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Null model where allele frequencies remain constant across generations |
| Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions | Conditions required for no evolution |
| Violation of HW Assumptions | When allele frequencies change, evolution is occurring |
| Gene Flow | Movement of alleles between populations via migration |
| Genetic Drift | Random change in allele frequencies due to chance, strongest in small populations |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift when small group establishes new population |
| Bottleneck Effect | Reduction in population size altering allele frequencies |
| Adaptive Evolution | Increased frequency of traits that enhance survival or reproduction |
| Directional Selection | Favors one extreme phenotype |
| Stabilizing Selection | Favors intermediate phenotype |
| Disruptive Selection | Favors both extremes over intermediate |
| Balancing Selection | Maintains two or more phenotypes in stable proportions |
| Heterozygote Advantage | Heterozygous genotype has higher fitness |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | Fitness depends on phenotype frequency in population |
| Diploidy | Recessive alleles hidden in heterozygotes |
| Nonrandom Mating | Mating pattern that alters genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies |
| Inbreeding Coefficient (F) | Measure of degree of inbreeding affecting genotype proportions |
| Heterozygosity (H) | Measure of genetic diversity at a locus |
| Average Heterozygosity (Have) | Mean heterozygosity across many loci |
| Allelic Diversity (A) | Average number of alleles per locus |
| Species | Group of members of a population that meet criteria under a species concept |
| Morphological Species | Species defined by distinct form and structure from other groups |
| Ecological Species | Species defined by shared distinct resources and same ecological niche |
| Biological Species | Species defined by actual or potential interbreeding in nature producing fertile offspring |
| Reproductive Isolation | Accumulation of genetic differences preventing gene pools from mixing |
| Prezygotic Barriers | Reproductive barriers occurring before fertilization |
| Habitat (Ecological) | Isolation Species live in different ecological niches |
| Temporal Isolation | Species breed at different times |
| Behavioural Isolation | Species differ in communication or mating behavior |
| Mechanical Isolation | Differences in copulatory mechanics prevent mating |
| Gametic Isolation | Gametes incompatible due to receptor differences |
| Postzygotic Barriers | Reproductive barriers occurring after fertilization |
| Reduced Hybrid Viability | Hybrid embryo fails to develop or survive |
| Reduced Hybrid Fertility | Hybrid survives but is sterile |
| Hybrid Breakdown | First generation viable but second generation infertile or weak |
| Androdioecious Species | Mostly hermaphrodites that reproduce via self-fertilization |
| Gynogenetic Species | All females; require sperm from another species to stimulate development but do not incorporate genes |
| Hybrid Species | Two species interbreed producing fertile offspring |
| Ring Species | Populations distributed in ring; interbreed with neighbors but not at extremes |
| Subspecies (Breeds) | Population groups within species that share geographic range and genetic traits but not fully reproductively isolated |
| Speciation | Bifurcation of ancestral species into two reproductively isolated species |
| Allopatric Speciation | Speciation via geographic separation preventing gene flow |
| Peripatric Speciation | Small isolated population leading to speciation |
| Parapatric Speciation | Speciation across environmental gradient or discontinuity |
| Sympatric Speciation | New species forms within range of population without geographic separation |
| Polyploidy | Increase in chromosome number contributing to sympatric speciation |
| Hybrid Zone | Region where previously isolated populations meet and interbreed |
| Secondary Contact | Reintroduction of isolated populations allowing hybridization |
| Reinforcement | Natural selection strengthens reproductive barriers when hybrids have low fitness |
| Stability | Continual production of hybrids due to incomplete isolation |
| Fusion | Weakening of barriers causing two species to merge (reticulate evolution) |
| Coral Chimera | Single colony containing distinct genetic cell lineages |
| Speciation Rate | Speed at which new species form |
| Macroevolution | Large-scale evolutionary change above species level |
| Adaptive Radiation | Rapid diversification from common ancestor |
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