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Bio Quiz 3.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what kind of material is DNA? | genetic material, NOT proteins. |
| bacterial transformation | one strain of bacteria takes on characteristics of another strain by taking in pieces of DNA (plasmids) |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| what is the role of DNA? | stores, copies and transmits (or passes down) genetic information. |
| what is genetic info? how is it expressed? | genetic info is expressed and used as instructions for making proteins which give cells their genetic traits. |
| what acid is DNA? (name the monomer, polymer, and specific name of acid DNA is) | nucleic acid; monomer: nucleotides, polymer: nucleic acids, specific: deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | deoxyribose, phosphate group (P+O), nitrogen bases |
| more details about deoxyribose | 5-Carbon sugar |
| what are the nitrogen bases? | A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) |
| how do the nitrogen bases fit together? | A+G = purines (PURE AS GOLD, double ring / bigger), C+T = pyrimidines (CUT the PYe, single ring / smaller) |
| what does the overall DNA molecule have? what does it look like? (5) | 2 strands of DNA nucleotides; double helix; strands twisted; deoxyribose and phosphate alternate on outsides (backbone of DNA); they are antiparallel |
| what are the base pairs in the middle held together by? | held together by hydrogen bonds - H bonds are weaker than covalent bonds (everything else is held by covalent bonds) |
| what are the base pair rules in the middle? | A = T (2 Hydrogen bonds TTWO), C = G (3 Hydrogen bonds) CGTHREE |
| what does antiparallel mean? | side by side, facing opposite directions (one is 5' to 3' direction, the other is 3' to 5' direction) - PHOSPHATE FIVE! |
| who are the 4 groups of people to remember? | chargaff; wilkins; franklin; watson and crick |
| what is chargaff's rule? | in any sample of DNA - %A = %T, %C = %G |
| what did wilkins do? | made x-ray images of DNA, showed Franklin's best image to Watson and Crick, nobel prize |
| what did franklin do? | excellent image of DNA |
| what did watson and crick do? | build model of double helix, nobel prize |
| WHAT - DNA replication | copying DNA |
| WHY - DNA replication | getting ready for cell division |
| WHEN - DNA replication | during Synthesis of Interphase (stage of cell cycle when process happens) |
| WHERE - DNA replication | in nucleus of eukaryotic cells (cytoplasm in prokaryotes) |
| HOW - DNA replication | 1) unwinding and unzipping of DNA within replication bubble, 2) new complementary DNA nucleotides added to both strands, 3) correcting and connecting all nucleotides |
| RESULT - DNA replication | 2 identical DNA molecules (each one is 1/2 old + 1/2 new) |
| what are complementary nucleotides? | the match up according to base pairing rules |
| what is the old strand used for in replication? | used as a template for new strand to know what nucleotide to add |
| what does semiconservative mean? | description of the process that results in each molecule being 1/2 old + 1/2 new |
| what 4 enzymes are involved in DNA replication? | topoisomerase, helicase, DNA polymerases, ligase |
| what is topoisomerase? | relaxes supercoiling in front of replication fork (where strands are separating) |
| what is helicase? | unzips and separates 2 strands of DNA by breaking H bonds between bases |
| what is DNA polymerases? | adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to original strand (proofreader); READ THREE, ADD NUCLEOTIDES FIVE |
| what does DNA polymerase need before they can do their job? when do they do their job? | needs RNA Primers to be added to strands first to know where to add nucleotides. near end of replication, RNA primers have to be replaced by DNA nucleotides. |
| what is ligase? | connects fragments of DNA to each other on the lagging strands |
| what is leading strand? | built in the 5' to 3' direction so DNA polymerase can work continuously. |
| what is lagging strand? | facing other direction, has to be built in segments because DNA polymerase can only work in 5' to 3' direction (discontinuous) |
| what are okazaki fragments? | the pieces added to the lagging strand that have to be connected to each other by ligase at the end of the process. |
| DNA V RNA (ribonucleic acid) DIFFERENCES (3) | bases: DNA is CAGT, RNA Is CAGU; DNA DOUBLE stranded, RNA SINGLE stranded able to be folded into various shapes; DNA deoxyribose sugar, RNA ribose sugar. |
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studying11