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Reflexes
Chapter 12 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a reflex? | a automatic, rapid, and involuntary response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought. |
| why reflexes matter? | - protective (pulling your hand away from heat) - homeostatic (maintain internal stability, like posture and muscle tone) |
| what is the reflex arc? | the neural pathway that produces a reflex |
| components of the reflex arc? | Stimulus → Response pathway: 1) Sensory receptor 2) Sensory neuron (afferent) 3) Interneuron (integration center) 4) Motor neuron (efferent) 5) Effector organ (muscle or gland) |
| ways neurons are classified? | - Number of Synapses - Development - Effector Type - Integration Center |
| Classification based on Number of Synapses: | Monosynaptic reflex & Polysynaptic reflex |
| describe the Monosynaptic reflex? | - Only one synapse - No interneuron - Example: stretch reflex |
| describe the Polysynaptic reflex? | - Multiple synapses - Involves one or more interneurons - More complex responses |
| Classification based on Development: | Innate reflexes & Learned reflexes |
| describe the Innate reflexes? | - Present at birth - Genetically programmed |
| describe the Learned reflexes? | - Acquired through repetition and experience |
| Classification based on Effector Type: | Somatic reflexes & Autonomic (visceral) reflexes |
| describe the Somatic reflexes? | Act on skeletal muscle |
| describe the Autonomic (visceral) reflexes? | Act on: - Smooth muscle - Cardiac muscle - Glands |
| Classification based on Integration Center: | Cranial reflexes & Spinal reflexes |
| describe the Cranial reflexes? | Integrated in the brain |
| describe the Spinal reflexes? | Integrated in the spinal cord |
| List the major types of reflexs: | - Stretch Reflex - Golgi Tendon Reflex - Withdrawal Reflex |
| what is a Stretch Reflex? | muscle contracts in response to being stretched |
| characteristics of a Stretch Reflex: | - monosynaptic (no interneuron) - simplest reflex pathway |
| structures of a Stretch Reflex: | Muscle spindle, Alpha motor neurons |
| what is Muscle spindle? | Specialized receptor detecting stretch |
| what is Alpha motor neurons? | Cause muscle contraction |
| what is Gamma motor neurons? | Adjust sensitivity of the muscle spindle |
| what is a Golgi Tendon Reflex? | A reflex that prevents excessive tension in muscles and tendons |
| structure of a Golgi Tendon Reflex: | Golgi tendon organ |
| what is Golgi tendon organ? | - Located in tendons near muscles - Detects tension, not stretch |
| functions of a Golgi Tendon Reflex? | - Protects tendons from damage or rupture - Causes muscle relaxation when tension is too high |
| Example of a Golgi Tendon Reflex? | A weightlifter suddenly dropping a heavy load |
| what is a Withdrawal Reflex? | removes a body part from a painful stimulus |
| what is Reciprocal Innervation? | - When flexors contract, extensors relax - Prevents opposing muscle interference |
| what is a Crossed Extensor Reflex? | - Occurs in lower limbs - While one limb withdraws the opposite limb extends - Maintains balance and posture |
| Reflexes are modulated by ___ _____ | the brain |
| Sensory signals (e.g., pain) travel to ___ _____ and allow _________ ________. | - the brain - conscious awareness |
| Brain sends signals down _____ _____ and can enhance or suppress ______. | - spinal tracts - reflexes |
| what is EPSPs? | Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials |
| what does the Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials do? | Increase likelihood of response |
| what is IPSPs? | Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials |
| what does the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials do? | Decrease likelihood of response |
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