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BIOL1104 - Full Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abiogenesis | Processes from which life arose on Earth from nonliving matter |
| Abiotic Factors | Non-living environmental components affecting organisms |
| Abundance | Number of individuals in a given area |
| Acoela | Simple bilaterians |
| Actiniaria | Sea anemones |
| Actinistia | Lobe-finned fishes with fleshy fins and internal bones |
| Actinopterygii | Ray-finned fishes with fins supported by bony rays |
| Adaptive Evolution | Increased frequency of traits that enhance survival or reproduction |
| Adaptive Radiation | Rapid diversification from common ancestor |
| Allele Frequency (p, q) | Proportion of each allele in population |
| Allelic Diversity (A) | Average number of alleles per locus |
| Allometric Growth | Evolutionary change in rate of developmental events |
| Allopatric Speciation | Speciation via geographic separation preventing gene flow |
| Alveolates | Group within SAR |
| Alveoli | Structures increasing surface area for gas exchange |
| Amniota | Clade with amniotic egg |
| Amniotic Egg | Egg with membranes supporting embryo development on land |
| Amoebozoans | Eukaryotic clade |
| Analogy | Similarity due to convergent evolution |
| Androdioecious Species | Mostly hermaphrodites that reproduce via self-fertilization |
| Angiosperms | Flowering plants co-evolved with pollinators |
| Annelida | Segmented worms |
| Anthozoans | Cnidarians lacking medusa stage |
| Aphotic Zone | Deeper ocean layer without sufficient light |
| Apicomplexans | Parasitic alveolates with apical complex |
| Aquatic Biomes | Water-based ecosystems influenced by depth, flow, and chemistry |
| Archaean | Eon where first life appeared |
| Archaeocytes | Totipotent amoeboid stem-cell–like cells in mesohyl; differentiate into sponge cell types |
| Archaeplastida | Supergroup including red algae, green algae, and land plants |
| Archenteron | Primitive gut formed during gastrulation |
| Arthropoda | Joint-legged animals |
| Artificial Selection | Human-directed selection of desired traits |
| Average Heterozygosity (Have) | Mean heterozygosity across many loci |
| Balancing Selection | Maintains two or more phenotypes in stable proportions |
| Banded Iron Formations (BIF) | Layers of iron oxide formed when oxygen reacted with dissolved iron |
| Behavioural Isolation | Species differ in communication or mating behavior |
| Benthic Zone | Bottom of aquatic ecosystems |
| Bilateria | Animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers |
| Bilaterial Symmetry | Body plan with left and right sides |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Two-part scientific naming system |
| Biodiversity Conservation | Helps manage and protect ecosystems |
| Biogeography | Study of distribution of species in geographic space and geological time |
| Biological Interactions | Species interactions affecting distribution |
| Biological Species | Species defined by actual or potential interbreeding in nature producing fertile offspring |
| Biological Species Concept | Species defined as groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Biome | Major ecological community defined by climate and vegetation |
| Biosphere | Global sum of all ecosystems; all regions where life exists |
| Biotic Factors | Living components affecting organisms |
| Blastopore | Opening formed during gastrulation |
| Blastula | Hollow ball of cells |
| Bottleneck Effect | Reduction in population size altering allele frequencies |
| Brachiopoda | Lamp shells |
| Breakup of Pangea | Continental drift forming modern continents |
| Brown algae | Multicellular stramenopiles, large seaweeds |
| Cambrian Explosion | Rapid diversification of complex animals |
| Carboniferous Period | Coal swamps; amphibians thrive; first reptiles |
| Carl Woese | Proposed 3-domain system based on genetic similarity |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Founded modern taxonomy |
| Carrying Capacity (K) | Maximum population size environment can sustain |
| Cause of Distribution | Combination of abiotic + biotic factors |
| Cenozoic Era | Age of mammals |
| Cephalochordata | Basal chordates retaining all chordate traits throughout life |
| Character Displacement | Trait divergence due to competition |
| Chlorophytes (Green algae) | Photosynthetic protists closely related to land plants |
| Choanocytes | Collar cells; feeding cells; lost in eumetazoans |
| Choanoflagellates | Closest living relatives of animals |
| Chondrichthyes | Jawed vertebrates with cartilage skeleton |
| Chordata | Animals with notochord |
| Chordates | Animals with notochord and dorsal nerve cord |
| Chromosomal Change | Large-scale structural change in chromosomes during meiosis |
| Chromosome Fusion | Two ancestral chromosomes join into one |
| Ciliates | Alveolates covered in cilia for movement/feeding |
| Clade | A group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| Cladistics | Method of building phylogenetic trees based on common ancestry |
| Cladogram | Time-independent phylogenetic diagram |
| Cleavage | Early embryonic cell division |
| Climate | Long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, and other conditions |
| Cnidaria | Radial diploblastic animals with nematocysts and gastrovascular cavity |
| Cnidocyst | Specialized stinging capsule within a cnidocyte used for prey capture and defense |
| Collencytes / Lophocytes | Collagen-secreting sponge cells |
| Colloblasts | Glue cells for capturing prey |
| Comb rows (8) | Fused cilia forming locomotory plates |
| Commensalism | One benefits, other unaffected (+/0) |
| Community Ecology | Study of interactions between species in a community |
| Competition | Interaction where both species are harmed (-/-) |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | Two species cannot occupy same niche indefinitely |
| Coniferous Forest (Taiga) | Cold biome dominated by evergreen trees |
| Coral Chimera | Single colony containing distinct genetic cell lineages |
| Coral Reefs | Highly diverse marine ecosystems built by coral animals |
| Crossing Over | Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I of meiosis |
| Ctenophora | Radial diploblastic animals with comb rows and colloblasts |
| Cubozoans | Box jellyfish; active swimmers |
| Density-Dependent Factors | Factors that intensify with population size |
| Descent with Modification | Species change over generations as heritable traits become more common |
| Desert | Biome with very low precipitation |
| Deuterostomes | Animals where blastopore becomes anus |
| Deuterostomia | Bilaterians where blastopore becomes anus |
| Devonian Period | Age of fishes; first forests & tetrapods |
| Diatoms | Photosynthetic stramenopiles with silica cell walls |
| Dinoflagellates | Mostly photosynthetic alveolates, some cause red tides |
| Diploblastic | Two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) |
| Diploidy | Recessive alleles hidden in heterozygotes |
| Diplomonads | Excavates with reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), often parasitic |
| Dipnoi | Lungfish with vascularized swim bladder functioning as lungs |
| Direct Observation | Evolution observed occurring in real time |
| Directional Selection | Favors one extreme phenotype |
| Dispersion | Spatial distribution of individuals |
| Disruptive Selection | Favors both extremes over intermediate |
| Distribution | Where organisms are found geographically |
| Distribution & Abundance of Organisms | Where organisms live and how many exist in a given area |
| Disturbance | Event that disrupts ecosystem structure and function |
| Domain Archaea | Genetically distinct prokaryotes |
| Domain Bacteria | One of three domains |
| Domain Eukarya | Eukaryotic organisms |
| Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord | Neural tube formed from ectoderm; precursor to spinal cord |
| Earliest Eukaryote Fossil | Oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes |
| Earliest Evidence of Life | Geological evidence of life in rocks |
| Ecdysozoa | Protostomes that molt |
| Echinodermata | Marine invertebrates |
| Ecological Niche | Role of species in environment |
| Ecological Species | Species defined by shared distinct resources and same ecological niche |
| Ecological Species Concept | Species defined by ecological niche |
| Ecology | Study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| Ecology vs Natural History | Ecology is experimental + analytical; natural history is observational |
| Ecosystem Ecology | Study of energy flow and nutrient cycling between organisms and environment |
| Ecotone | Transition area between two biomes |
| Ectoderm | Outer germ layer |
| Ectoprocta | Bryozoans |
| Ediacaran Biota | Early soft-bodied multicellular organisms |
| Endoderm | Inner germ layer |
| Endosymbiosis | Theory that eukaryotic cells arose from symbiotic relationship between host and bacteria |
| Endothermy | Ability to regulate internal body temperature |
| Environmentalism | Social movement aimed at reducing human impact |
| Epilimnion | Upper warm layer of water in lakes |
| Ernst Haeckel | Proposed 3-kingdom system |
| Estuaries | Areas where freshwater mixes with saltwater |
| Euglenozoans | Excavates with flagella; some photosynthetic, some heterotrophic |
| Eukarya | Domain containing organisms with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles |
| Eumetazoans | True tissues with basement membranes; germ layers; organized muscle/nerve tissues |
| Evolution | The theory that life has existed for billions of years and changes over time through descent with modification by natural selection |
| Evolution Not Goal-Oriented | Evolution does not proceed toward predetermined objective |
| Excavata | Supergroup of protists, many with modified mitochondria and excavated feeding groove |
| Exponential Growth | Population growth under unlimited resources |
| Extinction | Failure of a species to adapt leading to disappearance |
| Fertilization | Random union of gametes increasing variation |
| Forams (Foraminiferans) | Rhizarians with calcium carbonate shells |
| Formation of Earth | Accretion of dust and debris forming planet Earth |
| Fossil Record | Preserved remains showing historical sequence of life |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift when small group establishes new population |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | Fitness depends on phenotype frequency in population |
| Freshwater Biomes | Aquatic systems with low salt concentration |
| Fundamental Niche | Full range of conditions species can occupy |
| Fusion | Weakening of barriers causing two species to merge (reticulate evolution) |
| Gametic Isolation | Gametes incompatible due to receptor differences |
| Gastrovascular cavity | Central digestive cavity functioning as hydrostatic skeleton |
| Gastrulation | Inward folding producing embryonic germ layers |
| Gene Flow | Movement of alleles between populations via migration |
| Genetic Drift | Random change in allele frequencies due to chance, strongest in small populations |
| Genetic Variation | Differences among individuals within a population |
| Genotype Frequency | Proportion of each genotype in population |
| Global Air Circulation | Movement of air driven by solar heating differences |
| Global Ecology | Study of biosphere-level processes |
| Gnathostomata | Clade of jawed vertebrates |
| Gradualism | Slow and steady evolution over time |
| Great Oxygenation Event | Increase in atmospheric oxygen from photosynthesis |
| Growth Rates | Population dynamics affecting abundance |
| Gynogenetic Species | All females; require sperm from another species to stimulate development but do not incorporate genes |
| Habitat (Ecological) Isolation | Species live in different ecological niches |
| Hadean | Earliest eon with formation of Earth |
| Hadean Eon | Earliest eon of Earth’s history; formation of Earth and early crust |
| Hadley Cells | Tropical atmospheric circulation cells causing heavy rainfall at equator |
| Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions | Conditions required for no evolution |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Null model where allele frequencies remain constant across generations |
| Hemichordata | Acorn worm group |
| Herbert Copeland | Proposed 4-kingdom system |
| Heritable Trait | Trait that can be passed genetically to offspring |
| Heterochrony | Evolutionary change in timing of developmental events |
| Heterodont Dentition | Different types of teeth specialized for function |
| Heterozygosity (H) | Measure of genetic diversity at a locus |
| Heterozygote Advantage | Heterozygous genotype has higher fitness |
| Hierarchy of Ecology | Different levels build on each other |
| Homology | Similarity in structures due to shared ancestry |
| Hox Gene Duplication | Gene duplication increasing developmental complexity |
| Hox Genes | Regulatory genes controlling body plan along head-to-tail axis |
| Human Impact Understanding | Ecology helps understand environmental change |
| Hybrid Breakdown | First generation viable but second generation infertile or weak |
| Hybrid Species | Two species interbreed producing fertile offspring |
| Hybrid Zone | Region where previously isolated populations meet and interbreed |
| Hydrostatic skeleton | Fluid-filled cavity used for support |
| Hydrozoans | Cnidarians with polyp and medusa stages (marine); polyp only (freshwater) |
| Hypolimnion | Lower cold layer of water in lakes |
| Inbreeding Coefficient (F) Measure of degree of inbreeding affecting genotype proportions | |
| Independent Assortment Random alignment of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I | |
| In-group Group being studied | |
| Intertidal Zone Area between high and low tide lines | |
| Keystone Species | Species with disproportionately large effect |
| Lactation | Production of milk to nourish offspring |
| Lakes & Ponds | Standing water systems |
| Lakes and Ponds | Standing freshwater bodies with stratification |
| Lamarck – Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | Traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime are passed to offspring |
| Lamarck – Use and Disuse | Frequently used structures become stronger; unused structures deteriorate |
| Life History Traits | Traits affecting reproduction and survival |
| Limiting Factors | Resources or conditions that restrict population growth |
| Lissamphibia | Clade including modern amphibians |
| Logistic Growth | Growth limited by carrying capacity |
| Lophotrochozoa | Protostome clade with diverse body forms |
| LUCA | Last Universal Common Ancestor |
| Lungs | Respiratory organs evolved from vascularized swim bladder |
| Macroevolution | Large-scale evolutionary change above species level |
| Major Animal Phyla | Major evolutionary animal groups |
| Mammaliaformes | Transitional forms with mammalian traits |
| Marine Biomes | Saltwater ecosystems covering most of Earth |
| Maximum Parsimony | Principle favoring tree requiring fewest evolutionary changes |
| Mechanical Isolation | Differences in copulatory mechanics prevent mating |
| Medusa | Pelagic adult stage |
| Mesohyl | Internal matrix containing spongin fibers and spicules |
| Mesozoic Era | Age of reptiles; dinosaurs dominate |
| Metazoans | Multicellular phagotrophic heterotrophs; cells typically form tissues, though not always true tissues (AKA Sponges) |
| Microclimate | Local environmental conditions differing from surrounding area |
| Microevolution | Evolution occurring within populations over generations |
| Molecular Clock | Method estimating evolutionary time based on mutation rate |
| Mollusca | Mollusks |
| Monophyletic Group | Common ancestor and all its descendants |
| Morphological Species | Species defined by distinct form and structure from other groups |
| Morphological Species Concept | Species defined by physical characteristics |
| Morphological Traits | Physical characteristics used in tree building |
| mtDNA | Base pair differences used to infer relatedness |
| Multicellular Eukaryotes | Organisms composed of multiple eukaryotic cells |
| Multicellularity | Evolution of organisms with multiple cells |
| Multiple Scales | Ecology operates at different spatial and temporal scales |
| Muscular Post-Anal Tail | Tail extending beyond anus used for locomotion |
| Mutation (germ line) | Change in heritable DNA that creates new alleles |
| Mutualism | Both species benefit (+/+) |
| Myxini | Basal vertebrates with simple cartilage structures |
| Natural History | Observational study of organisms (less experimental) |
| Natural Selection | Process in which individuals with heritable traits better suited to their environment leave more offspring |
| Nematocysts | Stinging capsules (Organelles) within cnidocytes used for prey capture and defense |
| Nematoda | Roundworms |
| Neogene Period | Emergence of modern mammals & birds; spread of grasses |
| Net Primary Production (NPP) | Energy available to consumers after respiration |
| New Allele | Variant form of a gene created by mutation |
| Nonrandom Mating | Mating pattern that alters genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies |
| Norfolk Island Boobook Owl | Case study in phylogenetic inference |
| Notochord | Flexible rod providing axial support and muscle attachment |
| Ocean Currents | Large-scale movement of ocean water affecting climate |
| Octocorallia | Sea rods; sea whips; gorgonians |
| Oomycetes | Fungus-like stramenopiles (water molds) |
| Opisthokonts | Clade including fungi and animals |
| Ordovician Period | Jawless fish & coral reefs; first primitive land plants |
| Organismal Ecology | Study of how individual organisms interact with environment |
| Osculum (Osteopore) | Large opening where water exits sponge |
| Osteichthyes | Bony fishes with ossified skeleton |
| Ostium | Small pore where water enters sponge |
| Out-group | Group used for comparison |
| Paedomorphosis | Retention of juvenile traits into adulthood |
| Paleogene Period | Rapid diversification of mammals after dinosaur extinction |
| Paleozoic Era | Era of early marine life diversification |
| Parabasalids | Excavates lacking typical mitochondria, many symbiotic or parasitic |
| Parapatric Speciation | Speciation across environmental gradient or discontinuity |
| Paraphyletic Group | Common ancestor and some but not all descendants |
| Parasitism | One benefits, other harmed (+/-) |
| Parazoans | Lack true tissues; no organized muscle, nerve, epithelial tissues; no organs or germ layers; asymmetric |
| Pelagic Zone | Open water region of oceans away from bottom |
| Peripatric Speciation | Small isolated population leading to speciation |
| Permafrost | Permanently frozen subsoil layer |
| Permian Mass Extinction | Mass extinction linked to Pangea & Siberian Traps volcanism |
| Permian Period | Supercontinent Pangea formed; ends with mass extinction |
| Pesticide Treadmill | Cycle where pesticide use selects for resistant individuals, requiring stronger chemicals |
| Petromyzontida | Jawless vertebrates with cartilage support |
| Phanerozoic | Eon with visible life and diversification |
| Phanerozoic Eon | Eon of visible life; includes Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
| Pharyngeal Gill Slits | Openings used for feeding or respiration |
| Photic Zone | Upper ocean layer where light penetrates |
| Photosynthesis (early) | Process producing free oxygen by prokaryotes |
| Phylogenetic Species Concept | Smallest group sharing common ancestor |
| Phylogenetic Tree | A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among species |
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or group |
| Phylogram | Time-dependent phylogenetic diagram |
| Physical Variables | Abiotic factors influencing organisms |
| Pinacocytes | Epithelial-like sponge cells |
| Placoderms | Early jawed vertebrates with advanced features |
| Planula | Larval stage |
| Platyhelminthes | Flatworms |
| Polyp | Benthic stage |
| Polyphyletic Group | Group that does not include most recent common ancestor |
| Polyploidy | Increase in chromosome number contributing to sympatric speciation |
| Population | Group of individuals of same species in same area where allele frequencies are measured |
| Population Density | Number of individuals per area |
| Population Ecology | Study of factors affecting population size and dynamics |
| Porifera (Sponges) | Simplest animals; sister group to all other animals; multicellular phagotrophic heterotrophs; no true tissues; lack organized muscle, nerve, epithelial tissues, basement membranes, and germ layers |
| Porocytes | Pore-forming sponge cells |
| Postzygotic Barriers | Reproductive barriers occurring after fertilization |
| Predation | One organism consumes another (+/-) |
| Prezygotic Barriers | Reproductive barriers occurring before fertilization |
| Primary Production | Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by producers |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Cell without nucleus; DNA in nucleoid region |
| Proterozoic | Eon with oxygen buildup and first eukaryotes |
| Protist nutritional modes | How protists obtain energy (autotroph, heterotroph, mixotroph) |
| Protists | Diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi |
| Protostomes | Animals where blastopore becomes mouth |
| Protostomia | Bilaterians where blastopore becomes mouth |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | Rapid bursts of speciation followed by stability |
| Quaternary Period | Ice ages; rise of humans |
| Radial symmetry | Body symmetry around oral-aboral axis |
| Radiolarians | Rhizarians with intricate silica skeletons |
| Rain Shadow Effect | Dry conditions on leeward side of mountains due to precipitation loss |
| Realized Niche | Actual conditions species occupies |
| Reduced Hybrid Fertility | Hybrid survives but is sterile |
| Reduced Hybrid Viability | Hybrid embryo fails to develop or survive |
| Reducing Atmosphere | Early atmosphere rich in water vapour, CO2, methane, nitrogen; little free oxygen |
| Reinforcement | Natural selection strengthens reproductive barriers when hybrids have low fitness |
| Reproductive Fitness | Ability to survive and leave offspring |
| Reproductive Isolation | Accumulation of genetic differences preventing gene pools from mixing |
| Resource Partitioning | Species divide resources to coexist |
| Rhizarians | Group within SAR |
| Rhodophyta (Red algae) | Photosynthetic protists with red pigments |
| Rib Cage Ventilation | Breathing mechanism using rib cage movement |
| Ring Species | Populations distributed in ring; interbreed with neighbors but not at extremes |
| Rise of Eukaryotes | Origin of first eukaryotic cells |
| Rivers & Streams | Flowing water ecosystems |
| Rivers and Streams | Flowing freshwater systems |
| Robert Whittaker | Proposed 5-kingdom system |
| Rotifera | Microscopic aquatic lophotrochozoan pseudocoelomates with a complete digestive tract (mouth + anus), a ciliated corona, and often reproduce by parthenogenesis. |
| SAR | Supergroup including Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians |
| Sauropsida | Clade including reptiles and birds |
| Savanna | Tropical grassland with seasonal rainfall |
| Scientific Theory (in science) | A well-substantiated explanation supported by multiple lines of independent evidence |
| Scleractinia | Stony corals |
| Sclerocytes | Spicule-forming cells |
| Scyphozoans | Passive jellyfish |
| Secondary Contact | Reintroduction of isolated populations allowing hybridization |
| Secondary endosymbiosis | Eukaryote engulfing another photosynthetic eukaryote |
| Shared Ancestral Character | Trait shared by all members of a group |
| Shared Derived Character (Synapomorphy) | Trait that evolved in a lineage and is shared by descendants |
| Silurian Period | First jawed fish, vascular plants, terrestrial arthropods |
| Slime molds | Amoebozoans that aggregate into multicellular structures |
| Snowball Earth | Global glaciation event in Proterozoic |
| Solar Radiation | Primary energy source driving climate and ecosystems |
| Speciation | Bifurcation of ancestral species into two reproductively isolated species |
| Speciation Rate | Speed at which new species form |
| Species | Group of members of a population that meet criteria under a species concept |
| Spicules | Skeletal elements of sponges |
| Spongin | Fibrous skeletal protein |
| Spongocoel | Central cavity of sponge |
| Spongocytes | Spongin-forming cells |
| Stability | Continual production of hybrids due to incomplete isolation |
| Stabilizing Selection | Favors intermediate phenotype |
| Stanier | Pushed division of Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes to higher level |
| Step 1: Multiple Scales | Understanding patterns across space/time |
| Step 2: Physical Variables | Climate determines biome distribution |
| Step 3: Growth Rates | Population size changes over time |
| Step 4: Biological Interactions | Species interactions shape communities |
| Stramenopiles | Group within SAR |
| Stromatolites | Laminated rock structures formed by prokaryotes |
| Subspecies (Breeds) | Population groups within species that share geographic range and genetic traits but not fully reproductively isolated |
| Super group | Large clade within Eukarya based on genetic relatedness |
| Supergroup Archaeplastida | Eukaryotic supergroup |
| Supergroup Excavata | Eukaryotic supergroup |
| Supergroup SAR | Eukaryotic supergroup |
| Supergroup Unikonta | Eukaryotic supergroup |
| Swim Bladder | Gas-filled organ for buoyancy control |
| Sympatric Speciation | New species forms within range of population without geographic separation |
| Synapomorphy | Shared derived characteristic |
| Synapsida | Clade including mammals |
| Systematics | Discipline focused on classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) |
| Taxonomy | Identifying and naming species and placing them into hierarchical classifications based on morphological similarity |
| Temperate Forest | Biome with moderate precipitation and deciduous trees |
| Temperate Grassland | Biome with moderate rainfall and seasonal temperatures |
| Temporal Isolation | Species breed at different times |
| Terrestrial Biomes | Land-based biomes defined by climate and dominant vegetation |
| Tetrapoda | Clade of four-limbed vertebrates |
| Thermocline | Zone of rapid temperature change between layers |
| Thesocytes | Reproductive sponge cells |
| Time-Dependent Tree | Tree showing branch lengths reflecting time |
| Time-Independent Tree | Tree showing relationships but not time |
| Totipotent | Stem cells capable of transforming into all other cell types |
| Trace Fossils | Evidence of organism movement such as burrows |
| Transitional Fossil | Fossil showing intermediate features between ancestral and modern forms |
| Tropical Forest | Biome with high rainfall and stable warm temperatures |
| Tundra | Cold, dry biome with permafrost |
| Turnover | Seasonal mixing of water in lakes redistributing oxygen and nutrients |
| Unikonta | Supergroup including Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts |
| Upwelling | Process where deep, nutrient-rich water rises to surface |
| Urea/Uric Acid Excretion | Water-conserving nitrogen waste removal |
| Urochordata | Chordates with larval chordate traits lost during metamorphosis |
| Vertebrata | Chordates with cranium, brain, and vertebral column |
| Vertebrates | Chordates with backbone |
| Vestigial Structures | Traits that no longer provide functional advantage but persist |
| Violation of HW Assumptions | When allele frequencies change, evolution is occurring |
| Viridiplantae | Green algae + land plants clade |
| Weather | Short-term atmospheric conditions |
| Wetlands | Land saturated with water supporting unique vegetation |
| Zoantharia | Cnidarian group (within Anthozoa) that includes corals and zoanthids; typically colonial polyps, often with symbiotic algae, many contribute to reef formation |
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