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Topic 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atoms | Smallest units of an element that retain the property of the element |
| Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together |
| Monomers | A molecule that can be bonded to other molecules to form a polymer |
| Polymers | long chain molecules made of monomers |
| Hydrolysis | Occurs when water is added to split large molecules(reaction is the reverse of dehydration) |
| Lipids | hydrophobic, energy storage, protection, insulation |
| Phospholipids | make up cell membranes, they have a hydrophilic(polar)head that includes a phosphate group, have two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic |
| Proteins | polymers made up of amino acid monomers |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Ex: Bacteria, Archaea -No true nucleus -No membrane-bound organelles are found in the cytosol -Prokaryotes are smaller in size than eukaryotes |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Ex: Animals, fungi, plants, and protists -a membrane-enclosed nucleus contains the cells linear chromosomes -many membrane-bound organelles are found in the cytoplasm -eukaryotes are much larger than prokaryotes |
| Plasma Membrane | -forms the boundary for a cell -selectively permeable and permits the passage of materials into and out of the cell -made up of phospholipids, proteins, and associated carbohydrates(these molecules determine the functions of the membrane) |
| Plasma Membrae | -The surface-area-to-volume ratio becomes less favorable as a cell increases in size. The total volume grows proportionately more than the surface area. Because a cell acquires resources through the plasma membrane, cell size is limited. |
| Nucleus | -contains most of the cells DNA -DNA is the template to make messenger RNA(mRNA), which contains the code to produce a protein |
| Nuclear envelope | -Surrounds the nucleus as a double membrane -Continues with the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Chromatin | -the complex of DNA and protein housed in the nucleus that is formed from the chromosomes -as a cell gets ready for cell division the diffuse threads of chromatin condense into visible chromosomes |
| Nucleolus | -a region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is synthesized and complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits |
| Ribosomes | -protein factories -composed of rRNA and protein and are sites of protein synthesis in the cell. Each ribosome consists of a large and a small subunit |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | -makes up more than half the total membrane structure in many cells -a network of membranes and sacs whose internal; area is called the cisternal space -two types of ER |
| Smooth ER | -synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions |
| Rough ER | -synthesize proteins that are generally secreted by the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | -Operates something like a warehouse -Proteins from the transport vesicles are received, sorted, and shipped |
| Lysosomes | Membrane-bound sacs of hydraulic enzymes that can digest large molecules, including proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids |
| Vacuoles | Large vesicles that perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells |
| Mitochondria | The sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels |
| Chloroplasts | -Sites of photosynthesis -The stroma of the chloroplasts contains their DNA and ribosomes |
| Peroxisomes | -Responsible for the transfer of hydrogen from compounds to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide |
| Central Vacuoles | a huge storage sac in plant cells that holds water and other substances, keeps the plant firm, and helps with growth and protection. It’s one big vacuole in the center of a plant cell. |
Created by:
boyercal