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A&P L13

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UTIs an infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
UTIs are more common in women due to a shorter urethra and shorter distance between anus and external urethra orifice, both make it easier for bacteria to infiltrate the urethra Also common in children under 5
UTI Symptoms: Problem peeing Fevers Chill Cloudy, foul smelling and/or dark pee Pain in flank or abdomen Pain during sex
UTI Prevention Drink lots of water Wipe front to back Empty bladder after sex
UTI Treatment often treated with 2 weeks of antibiotics
UTI Complications untreated UTIs can be devastating Pyelonephritis: can cause long lasting kidney damage, reducing GFR, and potential spread of infection into the blood stream
Nephrons as barrier between blood and urine Antidiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin) is given to constrict blood vessels and increase water reabsorption as a means to increase blood pressure
A diuretic is a drug that increases the amount of urine your body produces, which helps get rid of excess water and salt. Diuretics are also known as water pills
Hypertension (high blood pressure) and kidney function are closely linked: Uncontrolled hypertension can damage the kidneys, and kidney disease can lead to or worsen hypertension, creating a harmful cycle
*High BP can destroy nephrons More nephrons are destroyed Nephrosclerosis (blood vessels in kidney become hardened)
*Kidneys do not excrete sodium Kidneys do not excrete other waste products such as uric acid Further reduction of GFR
*Sodium retention increase BP Waste products in blood damage blood vessels Further elevation of BP
What are the 2 most common causes of kidney failure? Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most common cause of kidney failure Sugar in blood also damages kidney tubules
Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLTs) are membrane proteins that cotransport glucose and sodium into cells, with SGLT2 being the primary renal glucose reabsorber
SGLT2 inhibitors provide significant benefits, including reducing blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, and protecting against kidney and heart failure, regardless of diabetes status
Micturition reflex: activates when your body needs to urinate The flow of urine from kidney to the bladder through the ureter is relatively continuous. The bladder acts as a reservoir for urine until it can be eliminated relatively quickly at an appropriate time and place.
. Max volume of this bladder is -1L but discomfort becomes noticeable at -0.5L
Urination is called micturition
the micturition reflex is active when the urinary bladder wall is stretched as urine fills the bladder
Micturition reflex: under what kinda regulation parasympathetic
M Step 1 Urine filling urinary bladder stimulus stretch receptors, producing action potentials
M Step 2 APs are carried by sensory neurons to spinal cord through pelvic nerves
M Step 3 In the spinal cord, parasympathetic neurons are activated stimulating the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder (detrusor muscle) to contract. Also, somatic motor neurons are inhibited causing relaxation of the skeletal muscles of the urethral sphincter
M Step 4 APs carried by sensory neurons from 1 also ascend to the brain (pons and cerebellum)
M Step 5 Micturition reflex integrated in the spinal cord is automatic (i.e. happens in brain dead patients, babies, and quadriplegics) However the brain can control this circuit by inhibiting parasympathetic neurons and stimulating contraction of the urethral sphincter from step 3
M Step 6 The brain voluntarily controls the what, causing what? the external sphincter though somatic motor neurons, causing constriction as you hold it OR relaxation when it is time to urinate
Created by: liladdoyle
 

 



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