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Obstetric Pathology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation of the embryo in any location but the uterus |
| hydatidiform mole | rare, cyst-like growth of a nonviable embryo |
| miscarriage / abortion | termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable. if spontaneous it is a "miscarriage" or "spontaneous abortion", if induced its a "therapeutic abortion" |
| missed abortion | a fetal death less than 20 weeks with retention of the dead fetus |
| incomplete abortion | includes the retained products of conception after a spontaneous abortion |
| eclampsia in pregnancy | extremely serious form of hypertension secondary to pregnancy. Patients are at risk from coma, convulsions, and death. |
| gestational edema | An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body limited to the pregnancy time period. |
| HELLP syndrome | preeclampsia with hemolysis (destruction of blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. |
| preeclampsia | abnormal condition of pregnancy with unknown cause, marked by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. also called toxemia of pregnancy |
| gestational diabetes mellitus | abnormally high blood glucose levels during pregnancy in women with normal blood glucose levels. |
| gestational phlebitis | inflammation of veins during pregnancy |
| hyperemesis gravidarum | excessive vomiting that begins before the 20th week of pregnancy |
| pruritic urticarial papules and plaques (PUPP) | a common rash of late pregnancy with itchy wheals, papules (bumps), and plaques (patches) that develop on the abdomen, breasts, arms, and legs |
| abruptio placentae | premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall; may result in a sever hemorrhage that can threaten both infant and maternal lives. Also called "ablatio placentae" |
| cephalopelvic disproprtion | condition in which the infant's head is larger than the pelvic outlet it must pass through, thereby inhibiting normal labor and birth. it is one of the indications for a cesarean section |
| cervical incompetence | lack of cervical closure during pregnancy. May lead to early termination of pregnancy. |
| chorioamnionitis | inflammation of the outer and inner membranes (chorion and amnion) surrounding the fetus. This bacterial infection occurs late in pregnancy or during labor. |
| malpresentation of fetus | any fetal position but cephalic for birth. a breech presentation is an example |
| oligohydramnios | condition of low or missing amniotic fluid |
| placenta accreta | an abnormal attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall. |
| placenta increta | an abnormal attachment of the placenta within the uterine wall. |
| placenta percreta | an abnormal attachment of the placenta through the uterine wall. |
| placenta previa | placenta that is malpositioned in the uterus, so that it covers the opening of the cervix |
| placentitis | inflammation of the placenta |
| polyhydramnios | condition of excessive amniotic fluid. the most common cause of the disorder is gestational diabetes |
| twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) | complication of blood supply with one twin receiving a deficient amount (the donor) and other receiving too much (the recipient) |
| dystocia | abnormal or difficult childbirth. Meconium staining (fetal defecation in utero) indicates fetal distress that may accompany dystocia |
| nuchal cord | abnormal but common occurrence of the umbilical cord wrapped around the neck of the neonate |
| agalactia | condition of mother's inability to produce milk |
| galactorrhea | abnormal discharge of milk. may occur in men as well as women |
| hypogalactia | abnormally low production of milk |
| puerperal sepsis | infection of female reproductive system after delivery |
| choriocarcinoma | a malignant tumor arising from the chorionic membrane surrounding the fetus |
| alpha fetoprotein (AFB) test | maternal serum (blood) alpha fetoprotein test performed between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation; may indicate a variety of conditions, such as neural tube defects (spina bifida is the most common finding) and multiple gestation. |
| amniocentesis | removal and analysis of a sample of the amniotic fluid with the use of a guided needle through the abdomen of the mother into the amniotic sac to diagnose fetal abnormalities |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | removal of a small piece of the chorionic villi that develop on the surface of the chorion, either transvaginally or through a small incision in the abdomen, to test for chromosomal abnormalities |
| contraction stress test (CST) | test to predict fetal outcome and risk of intrauterine asphyxia by measuring fetal heart rate throughout a minimum of three contractions within a 10-minute period. |
| cordocentesis | a percutaneous surgical puncture of the fetal umbilical cord to obtain blood for testing |
| nonstress test (NST) | the fetus is monitored for a normal, expected acceleration of the fetal heart rate. A reactive nonstress test should be followed by a CST and possible ultrasound studies |
| pelvimetry | measurement of the birth canal. Types of pelvimetry include clinical and x-ray, although x-ray pelvimetry is not commonly done |
| pregnancy | test available in two forms: a standard over-the-counter pregnancy test, which examines urine for the presence of hCG; and a serum (blood) pregnancy test performed in a physician's office or lab for hCG, AFP, and uE3 (unconjugated estriol) |
| cerclage | suturing the cervix to prevent a spontaneous abortion in a woman with an incompetent cervix. The suture is removed when the pregnancy is at full term to allow the delivery to proceed normally |
| cesarean section (C-section, CS) | delivery of an infant through a surgical abdominal incision |
| episiotomy | incision to widen the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissue of the vulva during delivery |
| external cephalic version (ECV) | process of turning the fetus so that the head is at the cervical outlet for a vaginal delivery |
| vaginal birth after C-section (VBAC) | delivery of subsequent babies vaginally after a c-section. |
| vaginal delivery | (usually) cephalic presentation (head first) through the vagina. Feet or buttocks presentation is a breech delivery. Assistance may include instruments, such as forceps or vacuum extraction. |
| disorders of newborn related to long gestation and high birth weight | includes exceptionally large newborn baby, late newborn, not heavy for gestational age, post-term newborn, prolonged gestation of newborn |
| disorders of newborn related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified | includes low birth weight, extreme immaturity, preterm |
| disorders of newborn related to slow fetal growth and fetal malnutrition | newborn light for gestational age, newborn light for dates, newborn small for gestational age, newborn small and light for dates, newborn small for dates |
| hyaline membrane syndrome | a respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient pulmonary surfactants. |
| neonatal aspiration | condition in which neonate inhales meconium, amniotic fluid, blood, milk, or regurgitated food. |
| neonatal hypertension | high blood pressure (hypertension) in the newborn |
| omphalitis of newborn | inflammation of the umbilicus |
| ophthalmia neonatorum | acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae. the baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal |
| transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) | abnormal increase in respiratory rate in the newborn. it is self-limiting and attributed to the delayed fetal lung fluid clearance. occurs most often in cesarean section delivery. |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | Condition in which the mother is Rh negative and her fetus is Rh positive, causing the mother to form antibodies to the Rh-positive factor. Also called "hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)" |
| hydrops fetalis, NOS | A serious neonatal condition in which there is an inability to manage the accumulation of fluid in 2 or more areas of the body |
| kernicterus | neonatal brain damage as the result of extreme jaundice. "Kern" is from a word root for "nucleus", a section of the brain damaged by the icterus (jaundice) |
| meconium plug syndrome | a delayed passage of meconium (first feces of the newborn), usually due to immaturity of the colon or diabetes in the neonate |
| congenital hypotonia | a lack of normal muscle tone in the neonate. Also known as "floppy baby syndrome". |
| meconium staining | evidence of release of meconium in the amniotic fluid before birth. usually a sign of stress to the fetus. this is NOT the same as meconium aspiration |
| neonatal craniotabes | a condition of a softening of the skull bones. may be a normal condition unless associated with rickets or osteogenesis imperfecta |
| achondroplasia | disorder of the development of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull, resulting in dwarfism |
| polydactyly | condition of more than five fingers or toes on each hand or foot |
| spina bifida occulta | congenital malformation of the bony spinal canal without the involvement of the spinal cord |
| syndactyly | condition of the joining of the fingers or toes, giving them a webbed appearance |
| talipes | deformity resulting in an abnormal twisting of the foot. also called "clubfoot". may also be acquired |
| torticollis | prolonged congenital or acquired condition that manifests itself as a contraction of the muscles of the neck. also called "wryneck" |
| ankyloglossia | an inability to move the tongue freely as a result of a congenital shortened frenulum. also referred to as being "tongue-tied" |
| cleft palate | failure of the palate to close during embryonic development, creating an opening in the roof of the mouth. often accompanied by a cleft lip. corrected with a palatoplasty, the surgical repair of the palate |
| esophageal astresia | esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and therefore lacks an opening into the stomach. may be corrected with an esophagogastrostomy |
| gastroschisis | a congenital opening in the anterior abdominal wall |
| Hirschsprung's disease | congenital absence of normal nervous function in part of the colon, which results in an absence of peristaltic movement, accumulation of feces, and an enlarged colon. also called "congenital megacolon" |
| macrostomia | a congenital condition of an abnormally large (wide) mouth that results in either unilateral or bilateral facial clefts |
| ompphalocele | a congenital herniation at the umbilicus. also called "exomphalos" |
| pyloric stenosis | condition in which the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine narrows or fails to open adequately to allow partially digested food into the duodenum. corrected by a pyloromyotomy, an incision of the pyloric sphincter |
| anorchism | condition of being born without a testicle. may also be an acquired condition due to trauma or disease. also termed "monorchism" |
| chordee, congenital | congenital defect resulting in a downward (ventral) curvature of the penis due to a fibrous band (cord) of tissue along the corpus spongiosum. often associated with hypospadias |
| cryptorchidism | condition in which the testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. corrected by orchiopexy, surgical procedure to mobilize an undescended testicle, attaching it to the scrotum |
| epispadias | urethral opening on the dorsum (top) of the penis rather than on the tip. also called "hyperspadias". corrected by balanoplasty, the surgical repair of the glans penis |
| hypospadias | urethral opening on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis instead of on the tip. may be acquired as a result of a disease process. corrected by balanoplasty, the surgical repair of the glans penis. |
| coarctation of the aorta | congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta. |
| dextrocardia | congenital condition in which the heart is located in the right (instead of the left) side of the thoracic cavity |
| levocardia | condition whereby the heart is in the normal left side of the thoracic cavity, but the remaining organs are transposed to the side opposite to their normal position |
| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most often in premature babies. also called patent ductus botallo. patent=open, occluded=closed |
| septal defect | any abnormality of the walls between the heart chambers. can be either congenital or acquired |
| atrial septal defect (ASD) | an abnormal opening in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart |
| ventricular septal defect (VSD) | an anormal opening in the wall between the lower two chambers of the heart |
| tetralogy of Fallot | congenital cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects: pulmonic stenosis,; ventricular septal defect; malposition of the aorta, so that it arises from the septal defect or the right ventricle; and right ventricular hypertrophy. |
| tracheoesophageal fistula | a congenital abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus. can be acquired |
| tracheomalacia | congenita softening of the tissues of the trachea. can also result from chronic ventilator use |
| tracheostenosis | congenital narrowing of the windpipe. can be acquired |
| anencephaly | a congenital lack or formation of major portions of the rain. along with microcephaly, this can also be caused by the zika virus |
| craniorachischisis | a failure of the skull and vertebral column to fuse during fetal development |
| hydrocephalus | condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain; may or may not result in intellectual disabilities. treatment includes ventriculocisternostomy, ventriculoperitoneostomy, endoscopic ventriculostomy |
| microcephaly | abnormal smallness of the brain. can be caused by the zika virus |
| spina bifida | condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord. this saclike protrusion is termed a meningocele or meningomyelocele |
| macrotia | a condition of abnormally large auricles(visible, external part of the ear). can be corrected by performing otoplasty |
| microtia | a condition of abnormally small auricles (visible, external part of the ear) |
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