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Bio 5th ch 53-54
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is nutrition | Nutrition is how an organism gets food to fuel growth & repair |
| 4 stages of human nutrition | 1. Ingestion. 2. Digestion. 3. Absorption. 4. Egestion |
| Describe Ingestion | The taking in of food through the mouth |
| Describe Digestion | The mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into simpler molecules so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream for the transport around the body |
| Describe Absorption | The passing of the nutrients from the small intestine into the bloodstream. |
| Describe Egestion | The removal of undigested food from the body through the anus. |
| What is the enzyme responsible for chemical digestion in the mouth | Amylase |
| Identify the nutrient broken down by the enzyme amylase and the product that is produced. | Starch is the nutrient broken down and maltose is the product produced by amylase |
| Give two functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. | The function of hydrochloric acid is to kill any microorganisms entering the stomach and to maintain a pH of 1-2 |
| The human digestive system | Pg 302 |
| Digestion in the mouth | Teeth are responsible for physical digestion and Amylase is the enzyme responsible for chemical reaction |
| Digestion in the Pancreas | pancreas is a leaf-shaped gland that secretes pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice is made up of sodium bicarbonate and the digestive enzymes amylase, protease and lipase |
| Digestion in the Gall bladder | The gall bladder is a small pear-shaped organ located underneath the liver. The function of the gall bladder is to store and release bile when needed. |
| Digestion in the liver | liver is the largest exocrine gland in the body. The liver has many important functions, for example: • Regulating metabolism • Storing vitamins A and D • Breaking down damaged and old red blood cells |
| Digestion in the small intestine | The small intestine is a six-metre-long tube-like organ that is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is made up of the duodenum and the ileum. Chyme moves through the small intestine by peristalsis. |
| Duodenum | The duodenum is the main site of chemical digestion. It contains finger-shaped structures called villi to increase surface area for digestion. |
| Example of enzymes breaking down nutrients | Nutrient: Carbohydrates. Form: Starch. Enzyme: Amylase. Products: Maltose |
| Digestion in the Large intestine | The large intestine is the main area for the reabsorption of water from undigested food. It is approximately 1.5 m long. Undigested food moves through the large intestine by peristalsis. |
| A balanced diet | A diet that includes the correct amounts of nutrients and water needed to maintain health |
| 4 factors that affect diet | Age, Health, Gender, Activity levels |
| Explain how the diet is affected by age | Children need more nutrients that support growth and development, such as calcium for bones, protein for muscle development and fats for brain development. Older people need more calcium and vitamin D to maintain bone density. |
| Explain how the diet is affected by health | Conditions such as diabetes and heart disease have a major impact on the types of food a person can eat. For example, a person with diabetes must monitor carbohydrate intake, |
| Explain how the diet is affected by gender | Males tend to need more protein and lipids to build muscle mass and provide energy. Females require a higher iron intake due to menstruation. |
| Explain how the diet is affected by Activity levels | Individuals with higher activity levels need more protein for muscle development and carbohydrates for energy production. |
| The breathing system | The breathing system is a tract that runs from the nose and mouth to the lungs. The function of the breathing system is to exchange gases with the external environment to maintain homeostasis. |
| What parts are on the left side of the breathing system | Nose, mouth, rib, bronchioles, alveoli, right lung and Intercostal muscle |
| What parts are on the right side of the breathing system | Pharynx, larynx, trachea, pleural cavity, bronchus, left lung, diaphragm |
| Nose and mouth | Air is first taken into the nose and mouth. It is recommended to breathe in through the nose rather than the mouth |
| Pharynx | The pharynx is in the throat. In the breathing system, it is the passageway for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx. |
| Larynx | The larynx allows air to pass from the nose and mouth through the pharynx to the trached (or windpipe). |
| Trachea | The trachea (or windpipe) carries the air from the larynx to the lungs. |
| Bronchus and bronchioles | The end of the trachea branches into two bronchi. Each bronchus (singular) carries the air from the trachea into the lungs through smaller tubes called bronchioles. |
| Lungs | The lungs are a pair of spongy pink-grey organs. They are located in the chest cavity. The main function of the lungs is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (gaseous exchange) between the lungs and blood. |
| Alveoli | Alveoli (singular: alveolus) are thin air sacs on the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. Alveoli give lungs their spongy texture. |
| Intercostal muscles | The lungs are protected by the ribcage. Intercostal muscles between each rib allow for movement of the ribcage during breathing. |
| Diaphragm | The diaphragm is a thin sheet of muscle below the lungs. It is attached to the lower ribs, sternum and vertebrae. The diaphragm is the main muscle involved in breathing. Its movement as it contracts and relaxes changes the space in the chest cavity, which |
Created by:
Louie Masterson