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Genetics 26

Genetics Vocabulary

QuestionAnswer
chromosome DNA coiled up around proteins in an X-shape
karyotype a picture of chromosomes lined up in size order
sex chromosome X and Y chromosomes which determine sex
sister chromatid identical copies of a chromosome attached to each other
gene a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
homologous chromosome pairs of chromosomes from mom/dad with similar information
gamete a sex cell with half the normal chromosome number
meiosis the process by which cells divide and shuffle their chromosomes to produce sperm or eggs
crossing over when segments of homologous chromosomes are cut and rearranged during meiosis
linked genes genes that are on the same chromosome and are usually inherited together
nondisjunction An error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. This leads to gametes with too many or too few chromosomes.
allele different variation of a gene
dominant an allele that is able to hide the expression of another allele
recessive an allele that can be hidden by another allele
Turner Syndrome A female with only one X-chromosome. Symptoms include short height and lack of female trait development.
Down Syndrome A person with 3 copies of the 21st chromosome. Symptoms include mental disabilities, heart problems, and facial feature changes.
Klinefelter Syndrome A male with XXY. Symptoms include slight breast development, tall height, and wide hips.
genotype the 2 specific alleles someone has for a trait
phenotype the trait someone shows
homozygous having two of the same alleles
heterozygous having two different alleles
Punnett square allows you to predict the probability of traits in offspring based on parent's alleles
double helix the twisted ladder shape of DNA
base pair 2 nucleotides that are attached
nucleotide the building blocks of DNA
RNA A single stranded copy of DNA. It uses U nucleotides instead of T.
gel electrophoresis Using electricity to separate DNA fragments. Short fragments move farther on the gel.
polymerase chain reaction Making billions of copies of a segment of DNA using enzymes, primers, and heat.
Created by: buchwalder
 

 



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