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Medical Terminology
Chapter 13 and 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Albumin | Protein in the blood; maintains the proper amount of water in blood |
| Antibody (Ab) | A specific protein produced by the lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens |
| Antigen | A substance that stimulates production of an antibody |
| Basophil | White blood cell that contains granules that stain blue |
| Bilirubin | Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed |
| Coagulation | Blood clotting |
| Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) | Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells |
| Differentiation | The change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization |
| Electrophoresis | A method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge and size |
| Eosinophil | White blood cell that contains granules that stain red |
| Erythroblast | An immature red blood cell |
| Erythrocyte | A red blood cell |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation |
| Fibrin | Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot |
| Fibrinogen | Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process |
| Globulin | Plasma protein |
| Granulocyte | White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules |
| Hematopoietic stem cell | A cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells |
| Hemoglobin | Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells |
| Hemolysis | Breakdown of red blood cells |
| Heparin | An anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells |
| Immune reaction | Response of the immune system to foreign invasion |
| Immunoglobulin | A protein with antibody activity |
| Leukocyte | A white blood cell |
| Lymphocyte | Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies |
| Macrophage | Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris; destroys worn out RBCs |
| Megakaryocyte | Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow |
| Monocyte | Leukocyte with one large nucleus; engulfs foreign material and debris; becomes macrophage |
| Mononuclear | Pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus |
| Myeloblast | Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes |
| Neutrophil | Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| Plasma | Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins |
| Plasmapheresis | Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge |
| Platelet | A small blood fragment important in clotting |
| Polymorphonuclear | Pertaining to a white blood cell with multi-shaped nucleus; neutrophil |
| Prothrombin | Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process |
| Reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte |
| Rh factor | Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (RH+ ) individuals |
| Serum | Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells |
| Stem cell | Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms |
| Thrombin | Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation |
| Thrombocyte | Platelets |
| bas/o | base |
| chrom/o | color |
| coagul/o | clotting |
| cyt/o | cell |
| eosin/o | red, dawn, rosy |
| erythr/o | red |
| granul/o | granules |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemat/o | blood |
| hemoglobin/o | hemoglobin |
| is/o | same, equal |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| leuk/o | white |
| mon/o | one, single |
| morph/o | shape, form |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| neutr/o | Neutral |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| phag/o | eat, swallow |
| poikil/o | varied, irregular |
| sider/o | iron |
| spher/o | globe, round |
| thromb/o | clot |
| adaptive immunity | Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them |
| adenoids | Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx |
| antibody | Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens |
| antigen | Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response |
| axillary nodes | Lymph nodes in the armpit |
| B cell (B lymphocyte) | Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies |
| cell-mediated immunity | T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them |
| cervical nodes | Lymph nodes in the neck region |
| complement system | Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target |
| cytokines | Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction |
| cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) | Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens |
| dendritic cell | Antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack |
| helper T cell (CD4+ T cell) | Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells |
| humoral immunity | B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity |
| immunity | Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs |
| immunoglobulins | Antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen |
| Immunotherapy | Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease |
| inguinal nodes | Lymph nodes in the groin region |
| Interferons | Proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response |
| Interleukins | Proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid in the spaces between cells; becomes lymph in lymph capillaries |
| Lymph | Thin, watery fluid within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body |
| Lymph capillaries | Tiniest lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphoid organs | Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland |
| Lymph node | Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels |
| Lymph vessel | Carrier of lymph throughout the body |
| macrophage | Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body |
| Mediastinal nodes | Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity |
| Mesenteric nodes | Lymph nodes in the mesentery |
| Monoclonal antibody | An antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells |
| Natural immunity | Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection |
| Paraaortic nodes | Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body |
| Plasma cell | Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes |
| Right lymphatic duct | Vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of body; empties into large neck vein |
| Spleen | Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood |
| suppressor T cell (Treg) | Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells |
| T cell (T lymphocyte) | Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens |
| tolerance | Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly |
| Thoracic duct | Drains lymph from the lower and left side of body; empties into large veins in neck |
| Thymus gland | Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells |
| tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue in back of the oropharynx |
| Toxin | Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants |
| Vaccination | Exposure of an individual to an antigen that provokes an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection |
| vaccine | Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease |
| immun/o | protection |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| tox/o | poison |
| ana- | Again, anew |
| inter- | Between |
| axill/o | armpit |
| cervic/o | neck; cervix (neck of uterus) |
| immun/o | immune; protection; safe |
| inguin/o | groin |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland (node) |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| -cytosis | condition of cells; slight increase in numbers |
| -edema | swelling |
| -globulin | protein |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -oid | resembling |
| -pathy | Disease; emotion |
| -penia | deficiency |
| -phylaxis | protection |
| -poiesis | formation |
| -stitial | to set; pertaining to standing or positioned |
| -suppression | to stop |
| ana- | up; apart; backward; again; anew |
| auto- | self; own |
| anisocytosis | cells are unequal in size |
| hypochromia | cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin) |
| macrocytosis | cells are large |
| microcytosis | cells are small |
| poikilocytosis | cells are irregularly shaped |
| spherocytosis | cells are spherical, loss of normal concave shape |
| dyscrasia | any abnormal condition of the blood is generally referred to as this. |
| anemia | deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin, most commonly iron deficiency anemia |
| aplastic anemia | failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| pancytopenia | when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. |
| hemolytic anemia | reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction |
| congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis) (a kind of hemolytic anemia) | spleen destroys rbc's because they're spherical |
| sickle cell anemia | hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis. |
| thalassemia | inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia |
| pernicious anemia | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin b12 into the bloodstream due to know intrinsic factor |
| intrinsic factor | needed to absorb vitamin b12 into the bloodstream, pernicious anemia patients don't have this |
| hematochromatosis | excess iron deposits throughout the body |
| polycythemia vera | general increase in rbc's (erythremia) |
| hemophilia | excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII or IX necessary for blood clotting |
| Purpura | Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under skin |
| petechiae (purpura) | small pinpoint purple or red spots on the skin |
| ecchymoses (purpura) | larger blue or purplish bruises |
| leukemia | increase in malignant blood cells (leukocytes) |
| 4 types of leukemia, Acute Myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (AML) | immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate |
| 4 types of leukemia, Acute Lymphoid (lymphocytic) Leukemia (ALL) | immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. Most often in children and adolescents, onset is sudden. |
| 4 types of leukemia, Chronic Myeloid (myelocytic) Leukemia (CML) | Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood. Most often in 55+ adults, slowly progressive illness. |
| 4 types of leukemia, Chronic Lymphoid (lymphocytic) Leukemia (CLL) | Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Most often in the elderly and is slowly progressive. |
| remission | disappearance of symptoms and signs of disease |
| relapse | when disease symptoms and signs reappear |
| granulocytosis | abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood |
| granulocytosis, Eosinophilia | an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes, seen in certain allergic conditions, such as asthma, or parasitic infections. (ringworm, pinworm) |
| granulocytosis, Basophilia | an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia. |
| mononucleosis | infectious, viral disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. |
| Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | transmits the virus mononucleosis |
| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow |
| autologous bone marrow transplantation (AMBT) | patient serves as their own stem cell donor |
| antiglobulin (Coombs) test | Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes. |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values (MCH, MCV, MCHC) |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) AKA sed rate | speed at which RBC's settle out of plasma |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood, spun in a centrifuge so the RBC's fall to bottom |
| Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HBG) | Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood |
| Platelet count | Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood |
| prothrombin time (PT) | Test of the ability of blood to clot |
| red blood cell count (RBC) | Number of RBC's per uL or mm^3 |
| red blood cell morphology | microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells |
| white blood cell count (WBC) | Number of Leukocytes per uL or mm^3 |
| white blood cell differentiation | percentages of different leukocytes in the blood. |
| the term "shift to the left" describes | an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood |
| apheresis | separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood |
| blood transfusion | whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient |
| packed cells (blood transfusion) | preparation of rbc's separated from fluid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and red cells without overly diluting blood with excess fluid |
| autologous transfusion (blood transfusion) | the collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components |
| bone marrow biopsy | microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle. |
| bone marrow aspiration | when bone marrow is sucked out by a brief suction produced by a syringe |
| hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient. |
| candidiasis | yeast like fungus (candida) normally present throughout the body where moisture would be present |
| cryptococcal infection | yeast like fungus in lung, brain, and blood infections, from Pigeons. |
| cryptosporidiosis | parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract, brain, and spinal cord. Commonly from farm animals. |
| cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) | virus causes enteritis and retinitis. Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk. Only causes problems when immune system is compromised. |
| herpes simplex | viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on genitals. Can also cause encephalitis. |
| histoplasmosis (Histo) | Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsilatum. Found in bird and bat droppings. |
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection | bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections. |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) | one-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Carried by animals, found in soil, air, and water. |
| toxoplasmosis (Toxo) | Parasitic infection involving CNS and causing chills, fever, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis, and seizures. Gotten from uncooked lamb or pork, eggs, or vegetables. |
| tuberculosis (TB) | bacterial disease involving lungs, brain, and other organs. |
| reverse transciptase | medication, inhibitors of AIDs virus |
| allergy | abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen |
| lymphoma | malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and lymph tissue |
| hodgkin lymphoma | malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. |
| lymphadenopathy | enlarged lymph nodes |
| multiple myeloma | malignant tumor of bone marrow cells |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland |
| anaphylaxis | exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substances |
| atopy | hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS (retroviruses have RNA instead of DNA) |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | malignant lesion from AIDS |
| CD4+ cell count | measures number of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS |
| ELISA | Screening Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in bloodstream |
| immunoelectrophoresis | test that separates immunoglobulins |
| viral load test | measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream |
Created by:
JoshuaB5