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Biology 2 - C05 - 07

🧬📗1️⃣ Module 5 - Top 50 Most Important CO5 Flashcards - MASTER SET

QuestionAnswer
Gas exchange Movement of O2 and CO2 between organism and environment.
Photosynthesis Process converting CO2 + water into glucose + O2 using sunlight.
Stomata Leaf pores regulating gas exchange and water loss.
Guard cells Paired cells controlling stomatal opening and closing.
ABA (abscisic acid) Hormone that triggers stomatal closure during drought.
Transpiration Loss of water vapor through stomata; drives xylem flow.
Lenticels Corky openings on woody stems for gas exchange.
Diffusion Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Cutaneous respiration Gas exchange through skin (earthworms, amphibians).
Gills Vascularized structures for gas exchange in aquatic animals.
Countercurrent flow Opposite flow of water and blood; maximizes O2 uptake.
Concurrent flow Same-direction flow; less efficient O2 extraction.
Tracheal system Insect respiratory system delivering O2 directly to cells.
Spiracles External openings allowing air into insect tracheae.
Tracheoles Fine tubes delivering O2 directly to individual cells.
Lungs Internal organs with alveoli for gas exchange in vertebrates.
Alveoli Thin, moist air sacs where O2 and CO2 diffuse.
Inhalation Diaphragm contracts; air enters lungs.
Exhalation Diaphragm relaxes; air exits lungs.
Avian air sacs Enable unidirectional airflow in birds.
Crosscurrent exchange Bird lung mechanism maximizing O2 uptake.
Xylem Transports water and minerals upward from roots.
Phloem Transports sugars from source to sink.
Vessel elements Wide xylem cells with perforation plates.
Tracheids Narrow xylem cells providing support and transport.
Root hairs Increase surface area for water absorption.
Aquaporins Channels that speed water movement across membranes.
Root pressure Pushes water upward when transpiration is low.
Transpiration pull Evaporation creates negative pressure pulling water upward.
Cohesion Water molecules stick together via hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion Water molecules stick to xylem walls.
Source (plants) Organ producing sugars (leaves).
Sink (plants) Organ using/storing sugars (roots, fruits).
Pressure-flow mechanism Phloem sap moves from high to low pressure.
Apoplast route Movement through cell walls/spaces without crossing membranes.
Symplast route Movement through cytoplasm via plasmodesmata.
Transmembrane route Movement across multiple membranes; most controlled.
Open circulatory system Hemolymph bathes organs directly; arthropods.
Closed circulatory system Blood confined to vessels; vertebrates.
Two-chambered heart Fish; single atrium + ventricle; single circulation.
Three-chambered heart Amphibians; two atria + one ventricle.
Four-chambered heart Birds/mammals; complete separation of blood.
Systemic circuit Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues.
Pulmonary circuit Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation.
Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from body.
Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from lungs.
Right ventricle Pumps blood to lungs.
Left ventricle Pumps blood to body.
Plasma Liquid portion of blood; carries nutrients, wastes, hormones.
Red blood cells Carry oxygen via hemoglobin.
White blood cells Defend against pathogens.
Platelets Aid in blood clotting.
Cardiac cycle Sequence of systole and diastole during heartbeat.
Created by: francisslavin002
 

 



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