MMR - Mismatch repair

fixes replication mispairs & small insertion/deletion loops

BER - Base excision repair

Fixes small base damage like denomination, deprivation, & oxidation

NER - Nucleotide excision repair

Fixes bulky distortions like thymine dimers

NHEJ - Non-homologous end joining

Quick but error-probe double-strand break repair.

codon changes, amino acid doesn't

codon changes, amino acid changes

a chemical change to DNA bases where a rare alternative base forms that mispair.

a chemical change to DNA bases involving the loos of an amino group and C becomes U and A can become a G-like base

methylation/alkylation

a chemical change to DNA bases that can mispair or block replication. Methylation usually means less transcription.

what enzymes to retrotransposons use?

integrase and reverse transcriptase

help assemble the initiation complex. They're IF1, IF2, & IF3.

primarily blocks A site from being bound to tRNA

interacts with small subunits from associating with large subunits prematurely.

ensures accuracy during the start of protein synthesis

EF-TU, which is GPTase, which brings in charged tRNA and more ribosomes

recognize stop codons and terminate translation. Binds to A site and ribosome.

3 things to happen to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before maturity:

1.) 5' cap added for stability, export, & ribosome recognition. 2.) Poly A tail added for stability and export. 3.) Splicing removes introns and joins the exons.

where does DNA methylation frequently occur?

on Cytosine in CpG dinucleotides, especially in CpG island near promoters. More methylation usually means less transcription.

"jumping genes" that copy and paste themselves in to new genomic locations. They use the enzymes integrate and reverse transcriptase.

refers to the redundancy of the genetic code, where multiple codons can encode for the same amino acid. Makes DNA mutations less detrimental. Part of the Wobble Hypothesis.

Block communication between an enhancer and the wrong promoter. They're generally found between enhancers and a promoter for a non-target gene. Proteins binding to insulators induce the formation of DNA loops.

RNAi - a sequence-specific post transcriptional silencing. A dicer chops double stranded RNA into small RNAs, and RISC/Argonaute uses one strand as a guide to find the target mRNA.

Exact complementary > mRNA cleavage

Partial complementary > translation blocked, sometimes cleavage.

Help

Options

focusNode

Didn't know it?
click below

Knew it?
click below

Don't Know

Remaining cards (0)

Know

retry

shuffle

restart

0:00

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

genetics exam 3

genetics

Term	Definition
MMR - Mismatch repair	fixes replication mispairs & small insertion/deletion loops
BER - Base excision repair	Fixes small base damage like denomination, deprivation, & oxidation
NER - Nucleotide excision repair	Fixes bulky distortions like thymine dimers
NHEJ - Non-homologous end joining	Quick but error-probe double-strand break repair.
silent mutation	codon changes, amino acid doesn't
missense mutations	codon changes, amino acid changes
nonsense mutations	codon becomes a stop codon.
tautomeric shifts	a chemical change to DNA bases where a rare alternative base forms that mispair.
deamination	a chemical change to DNA bases involving the loos of an amino group and C becomes U and A can become a G-like base
methylation/alkylation	a chemical change to DNA bases that can mispair or block replication. Methylation usually means less transcription.
what enzymes to retrotransposons use?	integrase and reverse transcriptase
imitation factos	help assemble the initiation complex. They're IF1, IF2, & IF3.
IF1	primarily blocks A site from being bound to tRNA
IF2	interacts with small subunits from associating with large subunits prematurely.
IF3	ensures accuracy during the start of protein synthesis
Elongation factors	EF-TU, which is GPTase, which brings in charged tRNA and more ribosomes
Release Factors	recognize stop codons and terminate translation. Binds to A site and ribosome.
3 things to happen to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before maturity:	1.) 5' cap added for stability, export, & ribosome recognition. 2.) Poly A tail added for stability and export. 3.) Splicing removes introns and joins the exons.
where does DNA methylation frequently occur?	on Cytosine in CpG dinucleotides, especially in CpG island near promoters. More methylation usually means less transcription.
Retrotransposons	"jumping genes" that copy and paste themselves in to new genomic locations. They use the enzymes integrate and reverse transcriptase.
degenerate	refers to the redundancy of the genetic code, where multiple codons can encode for the same amino acid. Makes DNA mutations less detrimental. Part of the Wobble Hypothesis.
Insulators	Block communication between an enhancer and the wrong promoter. They're generally found between enhancers and a promoter for a non-target gene. Proteins binding to insulators induce the formation of DNA loops.
RNA interference	RNAi - a sequence-specific post transcriptional silencing. A dicer chops double stranded RNA into small RNAs, and RISC/Argonaute uses one strand as a guide to find the target mRNA.
siRNA	Exact complementary > mRNA cleavage
miRNA	Partial complementary > translation blocked, sometimes cleavage.
Leucine can be coded from:	CUC, CUG, CUA, or CUU

Created by: 010307

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: