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Biology (P1)
Natural Selection and Genetic Modification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What theory did Charles Darwin come up with to explain how evolution occurs? | Natural selection |
| What is "Survival of the fittest"? | Organisms with characteristics most suited to their environment that can live to reproductive age and breed successfully |
| What does Darwin say is good about survival of the fittest? | Good characteristics are passed to the next generation and over many gens, the frequency of this good allele will increase |
| For bacteria, what could a mutation in reproduction cause? | New genes, such as antibiotic resistance |
| How is Darwin's theory of natural selection supported by antibiotic resistant bacteria? | They reproduce and pass the resistant gene to their offspring, meaning their environment selected them to have an advantage feature to survive |
| What species is "Ardi" a fossil of? | Ardipithecus ramidus |
| What did the structure of her legs suggest? | She walked upright like a human |
| Describe Ardi's brain. | Same size as a chimpanzee |
| How is Lucy described? | Mixture of human and ape features but more human-like than Ardi |
| What was one fossil finding of Richard Leakey? | 1.6 million year old fossil skeleton of the homo erectus species |
| 1.5 million years ago, what early stone age tools did the homo habilis use? | Basic pebble tools made by smashing rocks together, they had simple uses like cracking nuts |
| 40K years ago, what late stone age tools did modern homo sapiens use? | Pointed arrowheads, spears and hooks. Allowing things such as catching fish |
| What 2 methods allow us to date these tools? | Radiometric carbon dating and Stratifying rock layers |
| How do we date using rock layers? | We look at the layer of sediment in which a rock was found |
| What led to using the three-domain system? | Developments in science such as the improvement of the microscope, found some species were more distantly related than thought |
| What were the 3 new domains? | Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota |
| What is selective breeding? | When humans choose which organisms breed in order to produce offspring with certain desirable characteristics |
| What potential problem can this increase the chances of? (2) | Inbreeding and smaller gene pool |
| Why could this be an issue? | If the environment changes or there is a new disease, the whole species could become extinct |
| How could this cause economic problems for farmers? | They rely on income from their crops and if their plant species dies, they won't make money |
| What is genetic engineering? | Modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics |
| What is stage 1 of genetic engineering? | Genes from chromosomes are cut out using restriction enzymes |
| What is stage 2 of genetic engineering? | The same restriction enzymes are used to cut the vector into which the genes will be placed |
| What is stage 3 of genetic engineering? | Ligase enzyme is used to attach the sticky ends of the gene and the vector together to produce a recombinant gene product, vector then placed in another organism in early dev |
| Give 2 benefits of genetic engineering. | Useful in medicine to mass produce certain hormones in microorganisms and greater yields can help solve world hunger |
| Give 2 benefits about crops in genetic engineering. | Improve growth rates and introduce modifications in plants that allow them to make their own pesticide |
| Give 2 risks of genetic engineering. | We don't completely understand the effects of GM crops on human health, GM crops might have an effect on wild flowers and therefore insects |
| Give 2 benefits of selective breeding. | Possible to greatly increase the yield of a particular crop by breeding the individuals that produce higher quality or larger mass of food & plants or animals can be bred to be resistant to a disease |
| Give 2 risks of selective breeding. | People think it's unfair that offspring might suffer & this could cause severe health issues in the offspring. |
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