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Gr 11 Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | The change in heritable characteristics of a species over time |
| What is micro evolution? | small scale evolution (small genetic changes) |
| What is macro evolution? | large scale evolution that happens due to the accumulation of many small genetic changes over time (often noticeable) |
| What is a common ancestor? | an ancestral organism that two or more different organisms can be traced back to |
| What did Darwin discover on the Galapagos Island? | that the birds on the island differed slightly from each other even though they all lived in the same climate and environment |
| What is Natural Selection? | organisms with the preferred traits for their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring |
| What are three factors that govern Natural Selection? | -competition for limited resources -individuals best suited for their environment -slow process of change |
| What can be evidence of macro evolution? | Anatomy (homologous structures), embryology, fossils, geographic distribution and molecular biology |
| What is a homologous structure? | anatomy that is passed down from ancestors that no longer has the same function |
| what is an example of a homologous structure? | Human arm, cat legs, bat wings and whale fins (bones) |
| What is an analogous structure? | a structure that may have the same function but may not have the same structure |
| What is an example of an analogous structure? | the wing of a moth (not bones) |
| what is a vestigial structure? | structures that are present in animals today but no longer have use (they give us clues about their evolution) |
| what is an example of a vestigital structure? | Whales Pelvic bone (they used it when they were land animals) |
| What is embryology? | The study of organisms when they are developing (when they embryos) |
| What is geographical distribution? | environments closer together are more likely to have similar species than environments that are further away |
| What are fossils? | fossils are impressions or remains of organisms that have been buried sediment over time |
| What can fossils show and tell us? | fossils can teach us about how organisms have evolves over time |
| what are the causes of micro evolution? | Mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection, and artificial selection |
| what is a mutation? | a permanent change in DNA that can lead to a new allele |
| What is genetic drift? | genetic drift is the changes in allele frequency in a population that happens by chance |
| What is bottle neck affect? | a drastic reduction in population as a result of natural disaster or hunting |
| what is founder affect? | change of allele frequencies that result from a small number of organisms that inhabit a new area |
| What is gene flow? | movement of alleles from one population to another (migration) |
| what is non-random mating? | populations do not mate randomly and inbreeding can cause homozygous offspring |
| What is directional selection? | selection that favours one end of the phenotypic range |
| what is disruptive selection? | favours extreme phenotypes |
| what is stabilizing selection? | favours intermediate phenotypes over extreme ones |
| what is artificial selection? | the deliberate selection (by people) of organisms with desired traits |
| What are Darwins three main principles? | Variation, selection and inheritance |
| how did Malthus thinking affect Darwin and Wallaces ideas? | Malthus ideas on population growth and resource limits made them realize that organisms that produce more offspring can survive leading to the "struggle for existence" |
| Why do female birds have dull colours? | to avoid predators while nursing their offspring |
| how many colour cones do birds have? | 4 |
| what can the brightness of a birds feathers indicate? | their health or physical condition |
| what does sexual dichromatism mean? | the different colours between bird sexs |
| What is the cause behind antibiotic resistance? | the evolution and mutation of bacteria due to natural selection |
| What is another way bacteria passes on its DNA other than reproduction? | they emit it when they die or some cells use conjunction (connecting through pili) |
| What theories helped foster the idea of evolution? | natural selection (Galapagos island), gradualism (fossils), population pressure (overpopulation) and modern genetics (genetic mutations) |
| what is a species? | a group of organisms that cn reproduce with each other |
| Why is diversity important with in a species? | helps populations survive environmental changes |
| what is phenotypic plasticity? | the ability of a single genotype to express different phenotypes based on environmental conditions |
| what are two animals that have evolved due to global warming? | red squirrels in Canada (due to warm winters they breed earlier) and the tawny owls in Finland (due to the reduction in snowy winters the owls have had a shift in colours) |
| Why is it easier for smaller animals to evolve in response to global warming? | smaller animals have shorter lifespans and larger population sizes leading to faster mutation rates and natural selection |
| what is allopatric speciation? | when a population is separated by a physical barrier leading to the evolution of a new species |
| what is adaptive radiation? | when a species rapidly diversifies into many new forms (after allopartric speciation) |
| what is sympatic speciation? | the formation of a new species within the same geographic area or region (no physical barrier) |
| what is gradual model of speciation? | new pieces evolve slowly over time |
| what is punctured equilibrium? | pieces remain stable over periods of time with sudden short bursts of rapid change |
| what are the types of pre zygotic? | temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioural isolation, genetic isolation, and mechanical isolation |
| what is temporal isolation? | species breeding at different times |
| what is habitat isolation? | species live in different habitats |
| what is behavioural isolation? | species have different courtship rituals |
| what is genetic isolation? | eggs and sperm are incompatible |
| what Is mechanical isolation? | structural differences prevent mating |
| what is prezygotic? | mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization |
| what is post zygotic? | mechanisms that occur after fertilization resulting in a hybrid zygote that is not fertile |
| what are the types of post zygotic isolation? | hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility |
| what is hybrid inviability? | hybrid offspring does not survive |
| what is hybrid sterility? | hybrid offspring is often not fertile |
| what is phylogentics? | the study of evolutionary relationships |
| what is a phylogenic tree? | a branching diagram used to show evolutionary relationships between different species or groups |
| what is a cladogram? | a graph that shows the relationships between between different groups or clades |
| what is a clade? | evolutionary branch in a phylogenetic tree |
| what is a transitional fossil? | a fossil that encases an organism that looks different than what it look like today |
| What is melanin? | melanin is the pigment molecules that determine hair colour, eye colour and skin colour |
| what is pheomelanin? | the red ish yellow pigment |
| what is eumelanin? | the brown and black pigment |
| what protein decides how much of what pigment is created? | MCR1 |
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UrFavSillyGoose