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romantic period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who was a classical composer that helped bridge the classical and romantic periods? | beethoven |
| what does the shift to "free artist" mean? | composers started to compose for themselves rather than for the aristocracy |
| were most composers wealthy during the romantic period? | no |
| art song | composition for solo voice and piano where both parts are integral (not just accompamient) |
| German lied | German poetry that many art songs were set to |
| what did the piano do in an art song? | partnered in expression, arpegios, low chords, postludes, reflected mood/imagery |
| strophonic form | form that repeats the same music for every stanza of the poem; easy to remember; common in folk |
| through composed form | new music for each stanza of poem; shifts in mood/imagery; comes from German durchkomiert |
| were there other song forms that could be used? | yes |
| song cycle | sets of romantic art songs grouped together; unified by narrative storyline/shared musical ideas |
| Franz shubert | earliest master of art song; 1st major Viennese composer to live entirely from composion |
| did franz shubert ever hold an official music post? | no |
| was Franz Schubert well recognized during his lifetime? | no |
| Franz shubert's instrumental compositions contain "spirit of the song". What does this mean? | lyrical melodies/variations |
| which composer wrote autobiograohical works tied to literature, personal expression, and descriptive titles? | Robert shumann |
| why didn't Robert shumann become a piano virtuoso? | he suffered a hand injury |
| who founded the new journal of music? | Robert schumann |
| wife of Robert Schumann; one of the best pianists of 19th century | Clara wiek Schumann |
| what age did Clara Schumann start touring? | 12 |
| who were 2 of Clara schumann's close freinds? | Johannes Brahms and Joseph Joachim |
| what age did Clara Schumann start composing? | 36 |
| which composer was known as the "poet of the piano"? | fredric chopin |
| for what instrument did chopin primarily compose for? | piano |
| did chopin like to perform in large concert halls? | no, he preferred smaller audiences |
| who encouraged chopin to write one of his greatest works? | George sand |
| t or f. chopin wrote many works | false |
| what was a way that chopin expressed his polish identity in music? | mazurkas and polonases |
| which composer was the most celebrated pianist of his time? | Franz liszt |
| who inspired liszt? | paganini |
| how long did liszt practice for each day? | 8-12 hrs |
| after touring, what did liszt start doing? | court conducting |
| who did liszt pursue religious studies with? | abbe liszt |
| why were there divided opinions over liszt's music? | some think it is romantic expression, others find it bombastic |
| which composer maximized the paino's potential, making it sound like an orchestra? | Liszt |
| why did some of liszt's piano pieces require more than 2 hands? | because of extreme virtuosity, rapid octaves, wide leaps, dynamic extremes, and arpegiated textures |
| what is a symphonic poem (tone poem)? | 1 movement orchestral work inspired by literature/imagery. uses thematic transformation to unify moods. |
| what were some of the themes in Liszt's music? | death/diabolical |
| what composer did liszt influence? | wagner |
| which composer was rooted in classical tradition? | felix mendelssohn |
| which piece showed mendelssohn's early mastery? | Overture to a midsummer night's dream |
| what piece of Bach's did mendelssohn revive? | St Matthew Passion |
| what orchestra did Mendelssohn conduct? | Leipzig Gewandhaus orchestra |
| what conservatory did mendelssohn found? | Leipzig conservatory |
| which oratorio was the peak of Mendelssohn's career? | Elijah (1846) |
| what is the "elfin" quality found in mendelssohn's music? | quick motion, lightness, balanced personality |
| what is an example of one of Medelssohn's landscapes? | Hebrides Overture (Fingal's cave) |
| what genre did mendelssohn not compose in? | opera |
| which composer was elder sister of felix mendelssohn and wife of wilholm hensel? | fanny mendelssohn hensel |
| what did fanny hensel study along with her brother? | piano+composition |
| was hensel encouraged by her family to pursue a music career? | no |
| were hensel's works widely published in her time? | no |
| program music | instrumental music that is tied to a story, poem, scene, or idea |
| what was program music often written for? | piano or orchestra |
| what is required of program music to provide clarity? | titles or explanations |
| major forms of program music | program symphony, concert overture, symphonic (tone) poem, incidental music |
| program symphony | multi-movement with descriptive titles |
| concert overture | 1 movement, sonata form, independent work |
| symphonic (tone) poem | 1 movement, flexible, developed by Liszt |
| incidental music | serves as the background during a play |
| which composer is considered one of the 1st great French romantic composers? | Hector Berllioz |
| who was the pioneer of orchestral color and conducting? | Hector Berllioz |
| what was the name of belioz's symphony that showed audiences? | Symphonie fantastique |
| was belioz well recognized in Paris? | no |
| describe berlioz's music | passionate expressiveness, inner fire, rhythmic drive, unexpectedness |
| describe the revolutionary orchestration in berioz's music | abrupt contrast, novel tone colors, large ensembles (100+) |
| what were some elements in Berlioz's music because he treated tone color as a structural element? | 4 kettledrums playing chords, bells with brass, strings were struck with the bow stick (col legno) |
| what was something that critics didn't like in berlioz's music? | long, irregular, and asymmetrical melodies. they said that it had no melody. |
| what hybrid forms did berlioz invent? | dramatic symphony and dramatic legend |
| what sparked nationalism in 19th century music? | the French revolution/Napoleonic wars |
| was nationalism just expressed through folk songs, dances, and melodies? | no, it could also be expressed through operas and program works inspired by national history |
| what are some examples of nationalist works? | Russian eastern overture, finlandia, slavonic dances |
| in what places did nationalist music flourish? | in places that were previously bound by tradition |
| what was the Russian 5? | group of 5 composers that founded Russian folk and used odd features like church modes and irregular meters |
| when and where was the Russian 5 formed? | 1860s St Petersburg |
| which people were included in the Russian 5? | Mily Balakiev, Cesar Cui, Alexander Borodin, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsacow, Modest Mussorgsky |
| which person in the Russian 5 had the most original voice? | mussorgsky |
| who was the most famous 19th century Russian composer? | Peter llyich Tchaikovsky |
| where was Tchaikovsky a professor? | Moscow conservatory |
| what was Tchaikovsky's first major orchestral success? | Romeo and Juliet |
| why was tchaikovsky's marriage disastrous? | he was trying to hide homosexuality |
| which friend of tchaikovsky gave him financial support later in life? | Nadezhda von Meck |
| did Tchaikovsky and Nadezhda von Meck ever meet irl? | no, it was a letter-based friendship |
| which composer saw himself as "Russian in the fullest sense" | tchaikovsky |
| what were tchaikovsky's "ballet scores"? | works performed in concert suite form for ballets |
| which composer is regarded as the founder of Czech national music? | Bedrich Smetana |
| where did Smetana emigrate to? | sweeden |
| Antonin Dvorak early life | son of poor innkeeper/butcher; left home at 16 to study music |
| when did dvorak start making more $? | when Brahms recognized his talent and promoted his works |
| where was dvorak particularly famous? | england |
| what 2 conservatories did dvorak work at? | national conservatory of music in NY and the Prague conservatory |
| what genres inspired Dvorak when he was in the US? | native American rituals and African American spirituals sungg by Henry T Burleigh |
| which composer settle in a Czech village in Iowa for a short while? | dvorak |
| who suggested that dvorak move to spillville? | Joseph kovarik, his secretary |
| Johannes Brahms early life | born in Hamburg (1833), studied paino/composition, played dance music in cafes to support himself |
| who praised brahms as the "musical messiah"? | Robert Schumann |
| Brahms developed a relationship with _______________ after her husband's death | Clara schumann |
| why did Brahms settle in Vienna? | he was rejected as a conductor in hamburg |
| why did it take so long for Brahms to compose? | he worked meticulously and revised his pieces for years |
| Brahms composed in nearly all traditional forms except | opera |
| where did Brahms get his inspiration from? | classical composers like Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven |
| what were brahm's favorite instruments for tone color? | viola, clarinet, horn |
| which composer entered the Paris conservatory and won the Rome prize at at 19? | Georges bizet |
| which opera by Georges Bizet was mocked at first? | The Pearl Fishers |
| how did Bizet support himself in his early life? | teaching and accompanying singers |
| who did Bizet marry at 31? | Genevieve Halevy, who was the daughter of his late teacher, Fromental Halvey |
| what did Bizet compose that made a breakthrough in his career? | L'arlesiene (1872) |
| what opera of bizet's shocked the Parisian audiences? | Carmen (1875) |
| Giuseppe Verdi early life | born in small Italian village, church organist at Angelo, studied in Milan with support from a wealthy patron |
| tragedies in Verdi's life | wife+2 children died, 2nd opera failed |
| was verdi's music for small rooms or mass audiences? | mass audiences |
| gracomo Puccini early struggle | poverty as student in Milan |
| most famous operas fro puccini | la boheme, Tosca, madame butterfly, turandet |
| style of verdi's music | emotional+lyrical melodies, dramatic pacing, seamless blend of aria/recitative |
| where did Verdi set many of his operas? | China/japan |
| verismo | realism |
| Richard Wagner early life | born in Leipzig (1813), theatrical family, inspired by beethoven's music |
| wagner's struggles/exile | debts+failed ventures, fled to Switzerland after 1848 revolution |
| who funded wagner? | King Ludwig II of Balvoria |
| Wagner rejected the term "opera". What did he call them instead? | music dramas |
| what are some features of wagner's music? | unending melody, orchestral dominance, leitmotifs, harmonic revolution |
| leitmotifs | leading motives; short, reocurring themes |
| Gustav mahler background | born in 1860 bohemia; grew up surrounded by folk songs, dances, and military marches |
| where did mahler study? | Vienna conservatory |
| where did mahler conduct? | Budapest opera, Vienna opera after becoming catholic |
| t or f. mahler was a famous composer. | no, he was more famous for conducting |
| what did people not like about mahler's symphonies? | dissonance, dense orchestration, abrupt mood shifts |
| who did mahler marry in 1902? | alma schindler |
| tragedy in mahler's life | eldest daughter, maria, died |
| where did mahler conduct in his final years? | Metropolitian opera + NY Philharmonic |
| how mahler's music was philosphical | sought answers to life's deepest questions, symphonies were vast journeys exploring human existance |
| describe mahler's music | massive, intimate, songlike melodies, folklike themes, marches with polyphony, grotesque parodies, extreme contrast in mood unusual colors |
Created by:
gschultz2028