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THTR 326 - Exam #3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 18th century italian drama, how was it? | it was good! |
| primary reason for "death" of dramatists? | - Bc opera was in such high prestige so they were doing librettos versus plays - 20,000 opera libretti written |
| For what there was, comedy was better than tragedy | - Commedia del arte became predictable and repetitious - Added more spectacle, music, characters |
| Generally considered Italy’s best comic dramatist | Carlo Goldoni |
| Carlo Goldoni | - native of venice, but spent most of time outside of it - sued everyone all the time and everyone sued him - died in extreme poverty and blind - loved moliere |
| Goldoni first play | Amalasunta - for count prata - unsuccessful |
| Goldoni first successful play | The Venetian Gondolier - performance between the acts - inspired him to keep writing |
| what did the other carlo say about goldoni? | deprived italy of creativity - mainly bc of goldoni's arguments |
| Goldoni's arguments | - abandon the masks (prevented subtle facial expresh) - comedia focus on real life situations - banish improvisation - adopt better stage speech - banish vulgarity - any nonrealistic devices - get rid of stock characters |
| who hated the alterations goldoni was doing | Carlo Gozzi |
| why did gozzi hate goldoni's changes | - hated the sentimentalism - hateed the ridicule of the upperclass |
| gozzi was a member of what society? | Granelleschi society - literery group, wit group - proclaimed to be the wittiest member - preserved a lot of literature from this age |
| what was considered gozzi GOAT piece | The Love of Three Oranges |
| what things to gozzi have a lot of | improvisation, fantasy - shows based off legends - many opportunities for special effects - one reason why he was popualr in italy |
| Fiabe | Gozzi - satirical fairy tales for commedia masks - lowk a burlesque ---- bc criticizing another playwright |
| lasting Gozzi plays | The King Stag Turandot The Magic Bird |
| why does julie taymor love gozzi | Fantasy Puppets whimsy |
| who moves away from neoclassical rules in 19th century french drama | Bonnet de Condillac - sentamentalism |
| sentamentalism | nothing is in the mind that isn't in the sense - scientific method - experience, experimentation - john locke, nature vs nurture |
| role of environment french | dieism, materialism, but also the ability to learn doesn't have to be rich people! |
| france's marie arouet | voltaire - philospher - proposed new unity |
| voltaire's new unity | unity of interest |
| Zaire, Alzire | voltaire plays - philosophy in his plays |
| voix du sang | attraction (not sexual/romantic) between family members - think siblings insitictively know they are related w/o having met |
| voltaire proposed new what | genres |
| comedie larmoyante | sentimental comedy volatire |
| drame bourgeois | middle class drama takes a while to get popular volatire |
| marivaux | "arlequin redefined by love", "the game of love and chance" idk what these quotes are about but here you go |
| what did marivaux do | worked with italian troupe - lover sgetting together, internal conflicts keep them apart - lowk equated to racine - contributes to growing sentamentalism |
| France is like we need more genres than comedy and drama what do they do | comedie larmoyante |
| who edited Encyclopedie | Denis Diderot |
| Denis Diderot Interested in theater and wrote a lot about theater and wrote some plays | The Illegitimate Son The Father of the Family |
| what did diderot argue for | Argued for middle genres - Traditional or Gay Comedy - Comedie serieuse -----Comedy but has some morality within it - Genre serieux (now the drame) - Traditional Tragedy |
| who inspired diderot in englanf | david garrick - and he was like wait okay unique staging |
| what did diderot's unique staging lead to him urging the use of | - illusion of reality - real subject matter - prose dialogue versus alexandre verse (ppl don't really talk like that) - detailed pantomime (realistic) - 4th wall acting --- one of first to ignore it! - theatre based on nature, not classical ideals |
| The Paradox of the Actor | by diderot - Discusses the battle as an actor between intellect and emotion and how much should an actor feel |
| what was the conclusion of the paradox of teh actor | His conclusion: actors should not feel anything -- Bc he cannot imagine an actor feeling anything |
| The Marriage of Figaro | by Beaumarchais His play is a traditional comedy - But you read it for the speech and the women characters - Did create a movement of types of plays, even named after his (i wrote he was a big watch guy??) |
| italian scene design | - Proscenium, drops, perspective - All very common at this point in history - Show with 25 different settings at 30 different machines |
| prominent italian family in theater | the Bibiena family - they have a grillion super italian names - but they REVOLUTIONZIE DESIGN! |
| what did the bibiena's create | scena per angelo - scene of angles |
| scena per angelo | Looking in sorta vibe Placed buildings at center and quarters are off the sides Multiple vanishing pts, lowered --- This made it look larger - infers the top - scenery didn't always compliment style of theater |
| difference in styles between | reinaissance/neoclassical baroque |
| renaissance/neoclassical | Restraint. Order, symmetry, rectangular |
| Baroque | Extravagant, asymmetrical, mingled shapes Columns, arches, pendants like in renaissance BUT at angles, broken off, garlands |
| filippo juvarra | from naples focused on curves - so your eye wanders around and comes back to focus on the center |
| who is credited with bringing mood to design | Gian Battista Piranesi - specific sets for specific plays - lighting impacted set - fascinated by roman ruins - spectacle!! |
| what show was specifically impacted by light and set together | Le Antichita Romane Opera Painted on shadows into the set |
| costume practices | Didn't vary much from country to country Costumes start doing specific for shows first because it’s cheaper Move towards historical accuracy |
| habit a la romaine | Adapting court dress for tragedy - Becomes a standard tragic costume employed in tragedy that ends up not contemporary - big plume helmet very common |
| how was costume research at this time | But this research was bad as hell So terrible at its competence, but important in its history |
| what was leading the cause taht each play should have its own ddesign | costumes! - people can see places they would never actually be able to go |
| john philip kemble | not a realistic actor at all - part of a famous family bc famous after actor brother - very presentational, classical, statueqsue |
| what was kemble credited with | playing/conceiving a role as having a build, emotional height, and then an end |
| who did kemble get outshone by | his sister! |
| who was kemble's sister | Sarah Siddons |
| sarah siddons | circumstance led to her acting, she didn't want, but met with high praise - garrick told to hire her - became one of most famous + powerful actresses - sculpted a lot - always in character onstage |
| what was siddons most famous role | Lady Macbeth - with kemble as macbeth - she really outshone him |
| what actor was the opposite of kemble | edmund kean |
| what kind of actor was edmund kean | romantic actor, wants to feel something - wnats to believe he is feeling everything - big feelings as a part of spectacle but he slowed down towards end of show/run boring |
| what the hell is happening in germany? | Initial answer: not much Drama slow to develop here - Too many land fights and wars |
| What becomes “German Theater”? | HANSWURST |
| HANSWURST | Bavarian jolly beer drinking peasant Homer simpson, peter griffin alcoholic type character - thank you jeff |
| result of hanswurst | As a result of him we get more public theater, troupes being formed - Actors self taught - Performing at fairs not at court |
| Credited as one of the first people to change theater in germany | Johan C. Gottsched |
| gottsched was | first educated playwright - creates his own troupe - very respected reputation - doing new plays written by germans, for germans |
| famous actress from gottshed troupe | Caroline Neuber - Interested in the idea of transforming german theater because she was doing crap french adaptations |
| miss sarah sampson | Joseph Lessing - very norable, if not most in germany sentimentalism coming into german theater |
| what did lessign support | He supported having Shakespeare as an example for how we should write plays |
| Letters on Modern Literature | lessing - Against Neoclassical rules and for freedom in writing, multiple genres, plots, settings |
| Shakespearomanie | - A german term - Germany does most shakespeare per capita than anywhere else besides english areas |
| Hamburg Dramaturgy | Ideas on how to improve and advance german theater - Gottsched, Neuber, Lessing |
| what did hamburg dramaturgy lead to | established the Hamburg National Theate - fully subsidized - non-profit - permanent for companies - training academy - actors got paid well!! |
| why did the hamburg national theater fail | too much money everywhere only lasted 2.5 years |
| significance of hamburg dramaturgy and theater | Art is important, explore ideas, create - sturm und drang |
| sturm und drang | Means storm and stress Two main writers that come out of this - wolfgang von goethe - fredrich schiller precurser to romanticism |
| how does sturm and drang create works that focus on individual rights and freedoms | Somebody in society who doesn’t really fit in, different moral reality Often do not end happy - audience sympathy leads to realization of unfair society - intense suffering, racial strife - challenge conventions ----incest |
| where does romanticism start | This starts in france! Germany into france - a reaction to the age of reason - limited but long lasting effects |
| what is romanticism | Romantic view dealing w/ individuals over society - Each person has individual freedom they need to find and be able to express - Who are you - You can reach and become a better person |
| how does romanticism rebel | Rebellion against the enlightenment age Eternal truth that needs to be discovered - what it means to be human - we can change things to have a better society |
| who is the edmund kean in france | Francois-Joseph Talma - no statuesque, but find the character - encouraged frenzied speech and movement - censored frequently by government |
| cromwell | by victor hugo - tolerance, liberty to be yourself - what's wrong with having real grotesque things onstage? - "shakespeare is the dream" |
| hernani | by victor hugo - maid sitting in a tower - Secret door opens king sneaks in looking like he’d accost -- But wait king would never be secretive or accost someone -- And he speaks in a line that is 13 syllables long -- His f you to neoclassical rules |
| what did hugo do in hernani furthering his f u to the rules | Used words long beneath dignities of vernacular Death and violence onstage Blending genres |
| what did hernani start | a riot - First night was people seeing it and being appalled - And then second night was when they had to stop the show |
| The Battle of Hernani | - Change in verse structure away from Alexandrian - Use vernacular language - Broke the unities - Violence - Mixed genre - This play embodies a rejection of the neoclassical rules |
| The public does not care about movements | They like trivialized drama - Predictable stories - Entertaining stories - But they are interested in the growth of scenic design and spectacle |
| audience's interest in design and spectacle led to | ACTUALISM - see venice recreated onstage - notes in the program, research |
| When lighting gets developed, gaslighting | Everyone can see how bad the scenery drawings actually are So now we need to improve spectacle We get more believable acting now |
| lighting -- better acting = | MELODRAMA |
| Two types of play that come out of romanticism | Domestic dramas melodrama |
| Domestic dramas | La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas fils (later known as Camille) Talking about an element in society causing a problem |
| Melodrama | Scenery drives the play Bad is bad, good is good |
| Lifeblood of Melodrama | morality, philosophy, romantic novels, circuses |
| morality | Hardcore belief that the villain needs to be punished |
| philosophy | Inequality in society Idea of the noble savage Heart of gold that are true that we support |
| romantic novels | Period novels Novelists describe environments, lets recreate that onstage - Source for imagery |
| Circuses | - Daredevil tricks - High wire acts - Spectacle - Visual entertainment - Sometimes circuses did visual entertainment plays |
| One of most famous melodramatic playwrights | Gilbert de Pixerecourt - french - Survived revolution in France by changing sides several times - Became more successful by writing plays with crazy plot twists |
| pixerecourt most famous play | Le Chien de Montargis |
| Le Chien de Montargis | - The dog was the main character - The dog was a huge hit --- lost the dog and audiences rioted - this play is part of way goethe quite theater |
| Piece bien Faite - Well-made Play | Formulaic plot structure Quit worrying abt character, now abt plot |
| elements of a well-made play | - A plot based on a secret - Pattern of increasingly intense action and suspense - A series of ups and downs in the hero’s fortunes - The counterpunch of the peripeteia - A central misunderstanding - A logical and credible denouement |
| scooby doo view party takeaways | Secret known to the audience but not the characters Music being used to establish melodrama Build up to the ultimate end Setting up plausible situations Spectacle Denouement Moody |
| late 19th century was | a trend towards realism |
| Adolphe Montigy | First to teach directing as an art - Not necessarily good, but started it Placed a table downstage - Had the actors sit there and speak to each other instead of the audience |
| Free Plantation System | “You can place shit anywhere you want to onstage” Used to walk over to painted scenery and pull out of coat, now there is a table with an actual letter |
| montigy issue | He was more of a “stager” - Not really an aesthetic or vision |
| My Friend Fritz | - Barnyard with flowing water - Cherry trees where people picked cherries and ate them - Dinner scene where food and drink eaten on stage |
| change in the way shows are produced: | Director consults the playwrights Learns what is needed or expected Says designers hey They make a model and scale drawings To guide the carpenters Then sent to painting studios Then sent to theater |
| Age of doing scenery for what kind of shows | specific shows - Design is now respected and incorporated process - Directors develops more later - More unified design |
| Responsible for many different innovations in scenery | Henry Irving - Credited with getting rid of the wing, drop groove system GONE - actors not used to his changes |
| irving influence in lighting design | Separated footlights and borders First producer to make art of stage light Colored glass Created masking pieces at front of stage Darkened auditorium |
| what did the darkened auditorium lead to | Led to a stoic england riot Throughout all previous auditorium always lit Part of why theater became more elitist |
| irving influence in production | Rehearsed set changes Got rid of the raked floor No more proscenium doors Changed audiences perspective on just how realistic theater can be |
| if we have realistic scenery we now need realistic acting, enter | charles kean |
| charles kean | 1780s an actor consulted a toxicologist to make death more convincing Naturalistic looking blood transfusion |
| As an actor you received your training for whoever you were an apprentice that day | And if they didn’t like your acting damn no food for you |
| Francois Delsarte | Modes of expression are discoverable and can be formulated like mathematics Attitudes of the legs First real idea about actor training |
| Attitudes of the legs | Chart of leg shapes and poses you can do to express an emotion Embodied cognition!!!!!!!!!!! -- These positions will make you feel the character |
| delsarte Human behavior and experience divided into | physical, mental, and spiritual Each of these has an action, thought, emotion tied to them |
| Best actress of the time | Sarah Bernhardt - Unknown father and working mother - Raised in a convent because she was sent away - Sarah was like wait I wanna be a nun |
| bernhardt was told "wait you need to be an actress" which led to | - admitted to the Paris Conservatory at age 16 - Far from a star pupil and left shortly afterwards - Now the duke is like go to the Comedie Francais and just work here - Worked other theater and was a mistress to a prince --- here is where pop bgean |
| notable action bernhardt did during the war | Worked at another theater then and was a mistress to a prince - When she returned this made her a big star - Started touring all over europe - in films, first hamlet in hamlet |
| what happened when bernhardt toured south america | Injured in leg during a performance - never healed properly, eventually amputated - this did not stop her! --- either carried in a chair or wering a prosthetic limb |
| what was one of berhnardt's most famous roles | in Camillie |
| camille | Alexandre Dumas fils One of the, if not the most, famous play of the time Audiences really liked the show and the emotional storytelling - Realism as opposed to classical drama and storytelling |
| who perfected the well-made play | Scribe was first, sardou perfected it, more critical praise |
| theater architecture | - No more boxes, all open seating - Some orchestra pits begin - Fly systems begin |
| importance of being earnest | Oscar Wilde - family full of writers - got some scholarships - art existing for sake of art - His plays were abt the frivolity of the wealthy, comedies |
| Picture of Dorian Gray | wilde - Very famous play - Homoerotic undertones |
| Intentions | Book of essays wilde wrote on art and aestheticism |
| Queensberry Rules | Son engaged in illegal sodomy with Oscar |
| reaction to importance of being earnest | People LOVED this play when it came out! - He wanted to show how Victorian society was flawed - Over the top dramatization to show how ridiculous society was |
Created by:
atallarida