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Europe Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| White Man's Burden | The belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize and govern non-European peoples, often used to justify imperialism and colonial rule. |
| Congo Free State | A brutal personal colony of King Leopold II of Belgium (1885–1908) where millions of Africans died due to forced labor and violence in rubber production. |
| Trench Warfare | A form of fighting in World War I where soldiers fought from deep trenches facing enemy trenches, leading to long stalemates and heavy casualties. |
| Triple Alliance and Triple Entente | The two major alliances before World War I: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain). |
| New Woman | An early 20th-century idea of women seeking greater independence, education, employment, and political rights. |
| Total War | A war in which entire societies—economies, industries, and civilians—are mobilized to support the war effort. |
| War of Empires | A description of World War I emphasizing that European empires fought to defend or expand their imperial power. |
| Armenian Genocide | The mass killing and deportation of about 1–1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I (1915–1917). |
| British blockade during World War I | A naval blockade by Britain that cut off Germany’s access to food and supplies, contributing to starvation and economic hardship. |
| Turnip Winter (1916-17) | A severe winter in Germany when food shortages forced many people to survive mainly on turnips. |
| Bloody Sunday | A 1905 event in Russia when peaceful protesters were shot by imperial troops in St. Petersburg, sparking widespread unrest. |
| Revolution of 1905 | A wave of protests and uprisings across Russia that forced Tsar Nicholas II to create a parliament (the Duma) and make limited reforms. |
| Russian Revolutions of 1917 (February & October) | Two revolutions that first overthrew the tsar (February) and later brought the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, to power (October). |
| Nicholas II | The last Russian tsar (1894–1917), whose poor leadership and resistance to reform contributed to the fall of the monarchy |
| Provisional Government | The temporary government that ruled Russia after the February Revolution until the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917. |
| Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks who led the October Revolution and became the first head of the Soviet state. |
| Alexandra Kollontai | A Bolshevik revolutionary and feminist who advocated for women’s rights and social reforms in the Soviet Union. |
| Zhenotdel | The women’s department of the Communist Party in the early Soviet Union that worked to promote women’s rights and participation in society. |
| Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" | A set of principles proposed by the U.S. president in 1918 for a fair peace after World War I, including self-determination and the League of Nations. |
| French post-WWI security and economic goals | France sought strong guarantees against future German attacks and demanded reparations to rebuild its damaged economy. |
| German Revolution (November 1918) | A revolt that ended the German monarchy and led to the creation of the Weimar Republic |
| Spartacist Revolt, 1919 | A failed communist uprising in Germany led by radical socialists seeking to establish a Soviet-style government. |
| Versailles Treaty | The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I with Germany, imposing territorial losses, military limits, and reparations. |
| "war guilt clause" | Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for causing World War I |
| reparations | Payments Germany was required to make to Allied countries for the damage caused during World War I |
| 1923 French intervention in Germany | France and Belgium occupied Germany’s Ruhr industrial region to force Germany to continue paying reparations. |
| hyperinflation in Germany | A 1923 economic crisis where the German currency rapidly lost value, making money nearly worthless |
| Dawes and Young Plans | International agreements (1924 and 1929) that restructured Germany’s reparations payments and stabilized its economy. |
| Weimar Republic | The democratic government that ruled Germany from 1919 to 1933 after World War I. |
| "stabbed in the back" | A myth promoted by German nationalists claiming Germany did not lose WWI militarily but was betrayed by civilians and politicians. |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator and founder of Fascism who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of Nazi Germany (1933–1945) who established a dictatorship and started World War II. |
| Nazi Party Platform | A set of political goals promoting nationalism, antisemitism, expansion of German territory, and rejection of the Versailles Treaty |
| Fascism | An authoritarian political ideology emphasizing dictatorship, nationalism, militarism, and suppression of opposition. |
| National Socialism | The ideology of the Nazi Party combining extreme nationalism, racism, antisemitism, and dictatorship |
| Nuremberg Laws | 1935 Nazi laws that stripped Jews of German citizenship and banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews. |
| Great Depression | A worldwide economic crisis beginning in 1929 marked by massive unemployment, poverty, and economic collapse |
| Collectivization in the USSR | Stalin’s policy of forcing peasants to join collective farms and giving the state control over agriculture. |
| The Great Terror in the USSR (1936-38) | A period when Stalin used purges, arrests, and executions to eliminate perceived enemies. |
| Holodomor ("Terror famine" in Ukraine) | A devastating famine in Soviet Ukraine (1932–1933), largely caused by Stalin’s agricultural policies |
| "Judeobolshevism" | A Nazi conspiracy theory claiming Jews were responsible for communism. |
| Lebensraum | Nazi idea that Germany needed more “living space,” especially in Eastern Europe, to expand. |
| Spanish Civil War | A 1936–1939 conflict between Republicans and Nationalists that ended with the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco. |
| Guernica | A Spanish town bombed by German and Italian forces in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War |
| Czech crisis (1938) | A crisis over Nazi Germany’s demand to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, resolved by the Munich Agreement |
| Kristallnacht | A 1938 Nazi pogrom against Jews in Germany and Austria involving destruction of synagogues, businesses, and arrests. |
| German-Soviet treaty (1939) | A non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that secretly divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. |
| Operation Barbarossa | Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 during World War II. |
| Racial War | Nazi belief that World War II in Eastern Europe was a struggle between racial groups, especially against Jews and Slavs. |
| War of annihilation/exterminatin | The Nazi strategy in the Soviet Union aimed at destroying entire populations rather than just defeating armies. |
| Leningrad Siege | A nearly 900-day German siege of the Soviet city of Leningrad (1941–1944) causing massive civilian starvation and death |
| Hunger Plan | A Nazi plan to starve millions in the Soviet Union to feed Germany and its army. |
| Madagascar Plan | An early Nazi proposal to deport European Jews to the island of Madagascar (never implemented). |
| Babii Yar | A ravine near Kyiv where Nazi forces massacred over 33,000 Jews in September 1941. |
| "Holocausts by bullets" | Mass shootings of Jews by Nazi mobile killing units in Eastern Europe during World War II. |
| "death factories" [Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec] | Nazi extermination camps built primarily for the mass killing of Jews during the Holocaust. |
| Auschwitz | The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp where over one million people, mostly Jews, were murdered. |
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