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ES lecture test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A general term used to describe mass wasting events | Landslide |
| Occurs when a block of rocker soil slides downhill over a curved surface | Slump |
| Occur when blocks of rock move down slope over a plane of failure | Rockslide |
| Are the result of material moving as a thick fluid down slope | Debris flows |
| Often occur slowly in unconsolidated materials the movement ceases when the slope reaches a new state of equilibrium | Earth flows |
| When unconsolidated materials will maintain a maximum slope | Angle of repose |
| Explains the constant circulation of water among the sea, land, biosphere, and atmosphere and is powered by the sun | Hydrologic cycle |
| Are the most common and form in a regular pattern which resembles the branches of a tree | Dendritic Pattern |
| Occurs when the drainage begins from a central dome, like structure or a volcano. The streams for a pattern similar to the spokes of a wheel. | Radial Pattern |
| Form when the rock at the surface is broken by joints and/or faults. The broken rock is easier to road producing a pattern with the right angle bends. | Rectangular Pattern |
| Are rectangular patterns where tributary streams are almost parallel to each other. thus the pattern resembles a garden trellis as some rock is more easily eroded than others | Trellis Pattern |
| Steepness of a stream | Gradient |
| Amount of water flowing down a stream | Discharge |
| Volume of water normally reported as cubic feet or cubic meters per second | Hydrograph |
| Boulders in cobble rolled along the bottom, typically only occurs during a flood | Bed load |
| Is the total amount of sediment a stream can carry past a point in a given time | Capacity |
| Is a measure of the largest particle the stream can carry | Competence |
| When the stream encounter is a bank, the energy is high and creates ___ which form on the outside of the channel | Cut Bank |
| On the inside of the channel, deposition is occurring creating__ | Point bar |
| When streams erode through land, the next meander a cut off is created. If the former channel remains filled with water, it creates an ______. | Oxbow Lake |
| Form multiple channels because the sediment load is higher than the capacity of the stream | Braided stream |
| A mature meandering stream can begin to rapidly downcut again due to a sudden change in base level. In this case, the meanders can become entrenched in deep valleys. | Incised Meander |
| A stream entering a Lake ocean also slows abruptly, causing sediment to fall out | Delta |
| Form in Delta’s as the stream slows and breaks into smaller channels | Distributaries |
| Saturate layer of rock from a few meters to a few kilometers below the surface. Place an important role in erosion and keep surface streams flowing during dry periods | Ground water |
| Is when the water saturated rock and soil above impermeable bedrock | Zone of saturation |
| Is the top of the saturated zone in varies as the land surface changes. | Water table |
| Above the water table, the rock and soil is not saturated, which is called the | Vadose zone |
| Is the volume of poor space in a rock? | Porosity |
| Is the ability of a fluid to move through the rock and is measured in Darcy units. | Permeability |
| Is a permeable body of rock or soil that transmit water freely | Aquifer |
| Impermeable layer, often, (clay or shale) that hinders groundwater flow are called | Aquitards |
| Are generally defined as springs, which are reaching the surface with a temperature 6-9°C above the average annual air temperature. | Hot Springs |
| Are the result of water being heated below the surface than flashing to stream by erupting out of fissures in the crust | Geyser |
| As ground water or any fluid is pumped from rock and soil, the pore space between the grains decreases this causes the surface above the aquifer to drop in a process called | Subsidence |
| Form as calcite rich solution, drip from the ceilings of caverns | Stalactites |
| Form as the calcite rich solutions hits the floor of the cavern | Stalagmites |
| Form when the roof of a cavern collapses as limestone dissolves from the surface downward | Sinkhole |
| Is a thick mass of ice that originates on land from accumulation, compaction and recrystallization of snow which flows due to gravity and its own weight | Glacier |
| Forms as ocean water, freezes, and floats because the ice is less dense than seawater | Sea ice |
| Is a permanent defamation without causing fracturing | Plastic flow |
| Large cracks that develop in the upper 50M of the glacier | Crevasse |
| Occurs when a solid changes directly to gas | Sublimation |
| A method of erosion by glaciers, which occurs when melt water seeps into cracks and rocks and freezes, then breaks the rock apart and leverages the pieces loose | Plucking |
| Is a steep wall bowl shaped depression, which valley glaciers flow from | Cirque |
| These often fill with water after the glacier melts creating a small lake, called a | Tarn |
| Thin, wedge of a rock | Arete |
| Are steep wall, pyramidal peaks formed by the erosions of cirques | Horns |
| Are glacier valleys that have been subsequently flooded by seawater | Fjord |
| When valley glaciers accumulate large amounts of sediment by plucking and mass wasting as they begin to melt till is deposited along their margins and long ridges | Lateral Moraine |
| When multiple valley glaciers merge together their lateral Moraines also merge and form _____ in the center of ice flow | Medial Moraine |
| If a glacier retreats for a period of time then re-stabilizes it will produce a | Recessional Moraine |
| The moraines deposited at the outermost edge of a glacier extent is a | Terminal Moraine |
| Is formed if the depression extends below the water table | Kettle Lake |
| Formed just beyond the outer limits of some glaciers | Proglacial Lakes |
| Formed in areas of the west as temperatures were lower and the climate wetter | Pluvial lakes |
| Any area that receives less than 25 cm (10 in.) of precipitation annually. These areas are called arid | Desert |
| Only flow after periods of rainfall | Ephemeral Stream |
| Form as sediment quickly drops out of the flowing water | Alluvial Fan |
| Form when excess amount of water from rainfall accumulate in low areas | Playa Lake |
| Dried birds that can typically contain mud cracks and salt crystals | Salt pans (playas) |
| When sand is smaller size particles are removed and a surface of gravel and a larger size particle remains | Desert pavement |
| Are mounds or ridges of wind deposits of sand size particles located near the source of the sand | Dune |
Created by:
Jessilester