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FINAL exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A patient experiences anaphylaxis; which leukocyte type is most linked to histamine release? | Basophils |
| A major reason oocyte number declines is: | Apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4800 mL/min |
| A clinician describes BMR. Which condition best matches basal conditions? | Awake and resting after an overnight fast in a comfortable environment |
| A child has an enlarged thymus relative to an adult. This is expected because the thymus is: | Largest in infancy/early childhood and shrinks after puberty |
| A blastocyst is best described as: | A hollow ball of cells that can attach to the endometrium |
| A patient with vitamin B12 malabsorption due to lack of intrinsic factor likely has impaired function of which stomach cell? | Parietal cell |
| A clinician explains that lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates. Which value supports this? | 9.5 Calories/gram for lipids |
| A mature antral follicle is also called a: | Graafian (preovulatory) follicle |
| A major function of the large intestine is to: | Absorb water and electrolytes and form feces |
| A high plasma potassium concentration stimulates secretion of: | Aldosterone |
| A common symptom set in chronic kidney disease described includes: | Hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, elevated BUN and creatinine |
| A clinician explains that secretin release will increase bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice primarily to: | Neutralize acidic chyme entering the duodenum |
| A developmental milestone of infancy described includes beginning to: | Reach/grasp, sit, crawl, and stand |
| A clinician explains that complement can lead to direct killing of bacteria. Which complement action is most directly lethal? | Lysis (rupture of pathogen membranes) |
| A key effect of hyponatremia described is: | Hypotonic ECF and water uptake by cells by osmosis |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 64 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 34 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 18 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 12 mm Hg |
| A bomb calorimeter measures: | The caloric content (potential energy) of foods |
| A change described in the 50s includes: | Loss of close vision and slowing nail growth |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 70 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 36 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 24 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| An aneurysm is: | A bulge in a weakened arterial wall that may rupture |
| A patient develops diarrhea after a strong peristaltic rush due to intestinal irritation. The rush most directly occurs in the: | Small intestine |
| A functional syncytium in the heart refers to: | A valve cusp arrangement |
| A kidney stone lodged in a ureter typically causes: | Strong peristaltic waves and severe pain |
| Anemia tends to: | Lower blood viscosity and lower blood pressure |
| A patient drinks a large volume of water rapidly. Which immediate hormonal change would promote excretion of the excess water? | ADH secretion decreases |
| A patient hyperventilates from anxiety and blows off CO2. This is most consistent with: | Respiratory alkalosis |
| A patient has pale feces, dark urine, and jaundice. Which organ is most directly involved? | Liver/bile system |
| A condition of alkalemia is termed: | Alkalosis |
| A bell curve is characteristic of the distribution of phenotypes of a multifactorial trait because | the phenotypes at the ends of the curve correspond to fewer genotypes than the phenotypes at the middle of the distribution. |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 50 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A clinician explains that Ca and P are major contributors to body mineral content. Together they account for nearly: | 75% of mineral elements by weight |
| A key outcome of meiosis is genetic variation due to: | Crossing over and independent assortment |
| A major function of the respiratory system is regulation of: | Blood pH |
| A key change in childhood is eruption of: | Permanent teeth replacing primary teeth |
| A major homeostatic role of the kidneys is to: | Maintain the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids within normal limits |
| A listed female secondary sex characteristic is: | Increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks |
| A newborn develops hemolysis because maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs in a later pregnancy. This is most consistent with: | Rh incompatibility after sensitization |
| A key advantage of monoclonal antibody-producing cells is that they: | Produce one antibody type and keep dividing |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 30 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A lab report shows an unusually high percentage of RBCs in whole blood. This value is the: | Hematocrit (HCT) |
| A common outcome of nondisjunction is gametes with: | Two copies or zero copies of a chromosome instead of one |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 52 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 26 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 16 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A patient reports right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the back/right shoulder with nausea. This pattern is most consistent with: | Gallbladder disease (possible gallstones) |
| A primordial follicle consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by: | Follicular cells |
| A clinician needs a more precise screen for trisomy than serum markers. Which test is described as replacing serum marker screening? | Cell-free fetal DNA analysis |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4200 mL/min |
| A patient has kidney disease with decreased ability to excrete acids. This is most consistent with: | Metabolic acidosis |
| A key difference in the male urethra is that it: | Has a dual function in urination and reproduction |
| A differential WBC count reports: | Percentages of different leukocyte types |
| A nurse notes that a patient's platelets are not adhering to an intact vessel lining. This is expected because platelets normally: | Do not adhere to smooth endothelium |
| A primary function of sustentacular (Sertoli) cells is to: | Support and nourish developing sperm |
| A couple is trying to calculate the chance of genetic traits in their potential offspring. From family history, the man presumes he is heterozygous for the height gene via the “tall” allele (T). His partner is short in stature, so she believes she is homo | 50% |
| A common age-related change in kidneys is that they: | Become slower at removing nitrogenous wastes and toxins |
| A patient has impaired mucociliary clearance due to cilia paralysis. This would most directly increase risk of: | Respiratory infections |
| A patient has swollen arm after axillary lymph node removal. Which intervention aligns with typical lymphedema management described? | Compression sleeve and regular exercise |
| A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a: | Renal tubule |
| A hapten is: | A small molecule that becomes antigenic when combined with a large molecule |
| A lacteal in a villus is a: | Lymphatic capillary that absorbs large fats |
| An implantable device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction is a: | Pacemaker |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 62 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 30 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 22 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A lab reports that a patient's antibodies are predominantly IgG. Which statement best fits? | IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and acts against bacteria, viruses, and toxins |
| An ectopic pacemaker is best described as: | A region outside the SA node that initiates a premature beat |
| 5-alpha reductase deficiency affects conversion of testosterone to: | DHT |
| A key structural feature of saturated fatty acids is that they have: | No double bonds between carbon atoms |
| A first transfusion of Rh+ blood into an Rh- person is usually not immediately dangerous because: | It takes days to form anti-Rh antibodies |
| A patient with chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus has: | Hepatitis |
| A patient complains of frequent constipation. Which large intestine role is most relevant? | Water absorption and feces formation/storage |
| A baby has three copies of each chromosome in every cell. She is | polyploid |
| A GFR of 125 mL/min corresponds to about ____ of filtrate per day. | 180 L/day |
| A cellular change associated with senescence described is: | Declining cell division in certain cell types |
| A drop in plasma calcium concentration would most directly stimulate secretion of: | Parathyroid hormone |
| A key role of the dartos muscle is to: | Adjust testicular temperature for sperm production |
| A clinician is teaching why vitamin K deficiency can impair hemostasis. Vitamin K is needed for: | Functioning of some clotting factors |
| An increase in hematocrit would tend to: | Increase blood viscosity |
| A patient's arterial PCO2 rises. The expected ventilatory response is: | Increased ventilation to lower PCO2 |
| A life-threatening severe Type I reaction is: | Anaphylactic shock |
| A patient develops a skin rash 48 hours after repeated exposure to a chemical. This is most consistent with: | Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity |
| A patient has decreased surfactant production. What is the most likely immediate consequence? | Increased surface tension leading to alveolar collapse (atelectasis) |
| A key function of the spleen is to: | Break down worn-out red blood cells |
| A leukocyte type elevated in bacterial infections is most likely: | Neutrophils |
| A listed cause of respiratory acidosis is: | Obstruction of air passages |
| A key platelet adhesion factor derived from platelets and endothelial cells is: | Von Willebrand factor |
| A patient has recurrent infections and low helper T cell count. Which mechanism is most compromised? | Activation of B cells via cytokines |
| A heart murmur is most often caused by: | Incomplete closure of a valve |
| A diet provides adequate calories but a bile salt deficiency causes fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. This is best classified as: | Secondary malnutrition |
| A change described in the 40s includes: | Arteries/arterioles narrowing and muscles losing strength |
| A factor in human milk that promotes growth of Lactobacillus is the: | Bifidus factor |
| A major regulator of angiogenesis described is: | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 65 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 35 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 20 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| After the AV node, the impulse travels through the: | AV bundle (His) |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL and a respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 7200 mL/min |
| A patient has prolonged vomiting with loss of gastric acid. This is most consistent with: | Metabolic alkalosis |
| A high-protein diet can increase acid load because amino acid breakdown produces: | Phosphoric and sulfuric acids |
| A child with genotype AB for ABO blood type will have phenotype: | Type AB |
| A listed cause of metabolic acidosis is: | Kidney disease with decreased ability to excrete acids |
| A fecal occult blood test is primarily used in screening for: | Colorectal cancer |
| A dietary guideline mentioned advises that fat should not exceed about: | 30% of total daily calories |
| A function of the paranasal sinuses is to: | Resonate the voice |
| A patient with metabolic acidosis needs immediate stabilization of pH. Which system provides the most immediate buffering? | Chemical buffer systems |
| A male secondary sex characteristic listed is: | Thickening of the skin |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 60 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 32 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 18 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A lower pH indicates a solution is more: | Acidic |
| A family shows the same hearing impairment phenotype caused by different genes in different families. This illustrates: | Genetic heterogeneity |
| A biochemical feature of aging described is that membranes and mitochondria may: | Leak and malfunction |
| A decrease in plasma calcium level stimulates secretion of: | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| A gastrula is an embryo that has: | Three primary germ layers |
| A blood test around week 15 is described as mainly a: | Screening test for serum markers (not very precise) |
| A normal platelet count is approximately: | 150,000 to 400,000 per µL |
| A feature described for Down syndrome includes: | Heart or kidney defects may occur |
| An ECG P wave represents: | Atrial depolarization |
| A healthy human can survive without food for approximately: | 50 to 70 days |
| A listed cause of male infertility is: | Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum |
| A patient with asthma experiences wheezing primarily due to: | Bronchoconstriction in smaller airways |
| A condition of acidemia is termed: | Acidosis |
| A blood test sometimes used in evaluating prostate issues measures: | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
| A patient has glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 68 mm Hg, glomerular colloid osmotic pressure of 32 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure of 26 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | 10 mm Hg |
| A key driver of the positive feedback loop in labor is cervical stretch leading to: | Oxytocin release and stronger contractions |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6000 mL/min |
| A nutrient deficiency severe enough to cause the body to consume structural molecules (e.g., muscle proteins) can ultimately lead to: | Death |
| A factor that can influence BMR includes: | Thyroid hormone activity |
Created by:
arielwsitl