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Exam 3 Study Prep
Obstetrics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Placentomegaly | Placenta weighing more than 600g |
| Placenta Previa | Implantation of the placenta over/near the internal cervical os |
| Vasa Previa | Condition where fetal vessels within fetal membranes lie over or near the cervical os |
| Morbidly Adherent Placenta | Abnormal penetration of placental tissue that attaches to the myometrium rather than the decidua. Classified as placenta accreta, increta, or percreta |
| Succenturiate Placenta | Presence of one or more accessory lobes of placental tissue |
| Circumvallate/Circummarginate Placenta | Attachment of the placental membranes to the fetal surface of the placenta rather than the underlying villous placental margin |
| Placental Abruption | Separation of a normally implanted placenta before delivery of the fetus |
| Shortened Umbilical Cord | Umbilical cord measuring less than 35cm in length |
| Long Umbilical Cord | Umbilical cord measuring more than 80cm |
| Umbilical Herniation | When intestines return normally to the abdominal cavity and then herniate prenatally or postnatally through an inadequately closed umbilicus |
| True Knots of the Cord | A knot in the umbilical cord; can one single or multiple |
| False Knots of the Cord | Seen when blood vessels are longer than the actual cord creating appearance of knots |
| Nuchal Cord | Occurs when cord is entangled around fetal neck; can be single loop or multiple |
| Marginal Insertion of the Cord (Battledore Placenta) | Cord inserts into the edge of placenta rather than the thicker mid-portion |
| Membranous or Velamentous Insertion of the Cord | When cord inserts into the membranes before it enters into placenta rather than inserting directly into placenta |
| Single Umbilical Artery | Presences of only one umbilical artery with the umbilical vein rather than the expected 2 umbilical arteries |
| Cord Presentation/Prolapse | Occurs when the umbilical cord is the presenting part through the cervix |
| Hydramnios (Polyhydramnios) | Amniotic fluid volume greater than 2000 mL |
| Oligohydramnios | Overall reduction of amniotic fluid |
| Ruptured Fetal Membrane | When fetal membranes rupture abnormally, resulting in loss of amniotic fluid and/or oligohydramnios |
| Amniotic Band Syndrome | Abnormality with fetal membranes resulting in fetal malformations involving limbs, craniofacial region, and trunk |
| Amniotic Sheets | Echogenic, non floating bands crossing the amniotic cavity; thicker than bands associated with amniotic band syndrome |
| Immune Hydrops | Associated with alloimmune hemolytic disease or Rh isoimmunization |
| Nonimmune Hydrops | Presence of abnormal accumulations of fluid in the fetal body and/or skin; associated with numerous conditions/causes |
| Anophthalmia | Absence of eyes |
| Cyclopia | Single orbit demonstrated with a fused or single eye |
| Hypertelorism | Eyes too far apart |
| Hypotelorism | Eyes too close together |
| Ethmocephaly | Proboscis separating narrow-set eyes with an absent nose with a single nostril |
| Micrognathia | Small mandible and receding chin; more severe form can cause mechanical obstruction of the tongue and lead to suffocation |
| Cleft Lip (CL) with or without Cleft Palate (CL/P) | Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal prominences or between the palatal processes resulting in clefts of varying degrees; most common congenital craniofacial abnormality |
| Craniosynostosis | Premature closure of cranial sutures; may result in abnormal head shape such as trigonencephaly |
| Anencephaly | Lack of development of cerebrum, cerebellum and cranium; most common neural tube defect |
| Acrania | Manifests as absence of cranial bones in presence of complete; though abnormal, cerebral hemispheres |
| Cephalocele | Defect where brain meninges, or both herniate through a defect in the calvarium |
| Spina Bifida | Neural tube defect in which vertebral arches fail to fuse; varying degrees of severity |
| Dandy-Walker Malformation | Agenesis or hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis; affects both posterior fossa and cerebellum |
| Holoprosencephaly | Encompasses wide range of abnormalities resulting from abnormal cleavage of the prosencephalon (forebrain) during the 4th week of embryogenesis; alobar, semilobar, lobar |
| Agenesis of Corpus Callosum | Ranges from complete absence of corpus callosum to partial absence of callosal fibers that cross the midline connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
| Aqueductal Stenosis | Obstruction, atresia, or stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius |
| Choroid Plexus Cysts | Round or ovoid anechoic structures found within the choroid plexus |
| Ventriculomegaly | Dilation of ventricles/ventricular system in the brain |
| Hydrocephalus | Ventriculomegaly coupled with enlargement of the fetal head |
| Hydranencephaly | Congenital absence of cerebrum 2 degrees occluded carotid arteries |
| Microcephaly | Abnormally small head that is at least 2 standard deviations below the mean |
| Pulmonary Hypoplasia | Decrease in the number of lung cells, airways, alveoli, resulting in decreasing weight and size of the organ |
| Bronchogenic Cysts | Result from abnormal budding of foregut and lack any communication with trachea or bronchial tree |
| Pleural Effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; can be isolated or part of other anomalous process |
| Pulmonary Sequestration | Supernumerary lobe of lung separated from the normal tracheobronchial tree |
| Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) | Cystic mass within the lung consisting of primitive lung tissue and abnormal bronchial and bronchial-like structures |
| Congenital Bronchial Atresia | Focal obliteration of a segment of the bronchial lumen |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) | Herniation of abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity; posterior and lateral defect (through foramen of Bochdaelk- typically left side of diaphragm) or anteriomedial defect )through foramen of Morgagni) |
| Underdevelopment of the jaw and cheek bone is associated with? | Treacher-Collins Syndrome |
| The bridge of the nose originates from? | Frontal Prominence |
| Extensive facial screening may be hindered by? | Bone shadowing, poor fetal positioning, maternal obesity (NOT polyhydraminos) |
| An isolated unilateral cleft lip defect commonly originates... | On the left side of the face |
| The most common neck mass is? | Cystic Hygroma Colli |
| What shape describes the Kleeblattschaedal skull? | Clover Leaf |
| A proboscis suggests? | Holoprosencephaly |
| What is a term describing a small chin? | Micrognathia |
| What is the primary feature that details Beckwith-Weiderman Syndrome? | Congenital overgrowth of tissues |
| Which of these ethnic groups has a more frequent occurence of cleft lip with our without cleft palate? | Asians |
| To what does the term dacryocystoceles refer? | Lacrimal duct cysts |
| The optimal gestational age for measurement of nuchal translucency is? | 11-13 weeks 6 days |
| Which of these is a neural tube defect characterized by the lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault? | Anencephaly |
| Where does the most common type of diaphragmatic defect occur? | Posteriorly and laterally |
| An open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac is called? | Meningomyelocele |
| Which of the following is the most common open neural tube defect? | Anencephaly |
| What is the normal sonographic appearance of the fetal lungs? | Homogenous with moderate echogenicity |
| One of the most important determinants for fetal viability is? | Pulmonary Development |
| Which of these facial anomalies has not been identified in holoprosencephaly? | Hypertelorism |
| This is the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue | Hydranancephaly |
| Which parameter indicates absence of fetal breathing during an exam? | Fetal breathing is not noted after 20 minutes of scan time |
| Which of these does not describe sonographic features of a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia? | The stomach lies superior to the diaphragm |
| Common abnormalities associated with pulmonary hypoplasia | Renal agenesis, premature rupture of membranes, posterior urethral valve syndrome (NOT macrosomia) |
| Which portion of the diaphragm is affected with herniation through the foramen of Bochdalek? | Left |
| Chest circumference measurements are made in the transverse plane at the level of the? | Four chambers of the heart |
| Ventriculomegaly when identified with sonography is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than? | 10mm |
| In which scanning plane is spina bifida best recognized? | Transverse |
| Which of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle? | Holoprosencephaly |
| Which of these anomalies is characterized by the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres? | Dandy-Walker Malformation |
| Which of these pair of signs are characteristics of the Arnold-Chiari malformation? | Banana, lemon |
| Placental tissue pentration through the uterine serosa is termed? | Percreta |
| What is the normal umbilical cord length? | 40-60 cm |
| What is the term for generalized edema? | Anasarca |
| The most commonly used method for measuring amniotic fluid levels is? | Amniotic fluid index (AFI) |
| Maternal features that mimic fetal hydrops is termed? | Ballantyne Syndrome |
| What is the term for a small/underdeveloped chin? | Micrognathia |
| What is the most common congenital abnormality of the fetal face? | Cleft lip |
| What is the name of the syndrome characterized by underdevelopment of the jaw and cheekbone and abnormal ears? | Treacher Collins Syndrome |
| True or False: AFP levels are normal in the presence of anencephaly | False |
| Proboscis is commonly seen with what condition? | Holoprosencephaly |
| What are some of the functions of amniotic fluid? | Protection, Temperature regulation, and symmetric growth |
| Premature closure of cranial sutures is termed? | Craniosynostosis |
| What region of the head/skull are cephaloceles most commonly observed? | Occipital |
| Which type of CDH has a higher mortality and morbidity rate? | Left sided |
| True or False: The severity of pulmonary hypoplasia is dependent on when it occurs during pregnancy | True |
| True or False: The normal appearing diaphragm is hyperechoic | False |
| An extra lobe of pulmonary tissue is termed? | Pulmonary sequestration |
| What is considered the age of viability for fetuses? | 24 weeks |
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernias that occur posteriorly and laterally occur through what foramen? | Foramen of Bochdalek |
| Which type of CCAM has the most favorable prognosis? | Type I |
| What is the primary cause of fetal death when a CDH is observed? | Pulmonary hypoplasia |
Created by:
marissagirl