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E AND E EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define allopatric speciation | Speciation model based on geographic isolation, new species form when geo barrier physically separates a population into two groups that can't interbreed |
| Define sympatric speciation | Population develops into two or more reproductively isolated groups. There is no prior geographic isolation and selection happens in the same area |
| What is more common allopatric speciation or sympatric | W |
| What are the biological levels of organization | Organism, population, community, ecosystem Biosphere - portion of earths surface where living things exist |
| Why are viruses, viroids, and prions important to consider when studying ecological processes | They drive evolution! effect populations, influence adaptations |
| What are protists and how are they classified | any eukaryotic organism that is not a multicellular plant, animal, or fungus. They are very difficult to classify, and traditionally grouped based on source of energy and nutrients |
| What role do protists fill in environmental systems | Algae which is a protist serves as a symbiote (works together with other organisms) like supplying oxygen for the environment, and serving as a food source |
| What makes fungi special compared to plants and animals | They have thick cell walls, dont contain cellulose, and have a cell wall made of chitin. They are chemoheterotrphic |
| How do fungi impact ecological processes | They can decompose remains of plants, animals, and microbes, returning molecules back to the environment They produce medicines and foods can also have negative affects |
| what are the major evolutionary milestones that characterize different groups of plants | Embryo protection, vascular tissue, megaphylls, seeds, flowers |
| Why are angiosperms among the most successful land plants | Flowering plants, they are able to effectively disperse their pollen and seeds with the help of fruits and animals They've had many adaptations |
| How do new species arise by adaptive radiation | Single ancestral species rapidly give rise to a variety of new species as each adapts to a specific environment |
| Define homologous traits | Traits that are related to each other through shared common ancestry |
| Define convergent evolution | Organisms that can look alike but dont share common ancestry |
| Define shared ancestral traits | A trait that is in the outgroup and in-group |
| Define shared derived traits | A trait that comes from the most recent common ancestor |
| define monophyletic, parapheltic, and polyphyletic | |
| compare an outgroup vs in-group | Outgroup - the comparison Ingroup - the organisms being compared |
| What is parsimony | |
| What is mycelium | Multicellular structure that makes up the body of fungi |
| What is hyphae | thin mycelial filament cells that pack together to form fungi |
| What is vascular vs nonvascular plants | Vascular - Has a support system that facilitates movement of water and nutrients through body. (stems, roots, leaves) Non - receives nutrients and water through diffusion and osmosis, needs to be close to ground. These are bryophytes |
| compare seed vs seedless plants | Seed - most abundant land plants, Gymnosperms and angiosperms Seedless - Have roots, stems, and leaves(microphylls) They were first land plants to have vascular tissue. Lycophytes and ferns |
| Compare gymnosperms vs angiosperms | Gymno - ovules and seeds are exposed (pine cones) angio - Flowering plants |
| what is reinforcement, fusion, and stability when it comes to hybrid zones | These are the three possible outcomes for hybrids when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone |
| Compare fungi to animals | Animals have no cell walls, ingest food Fungi contain mycelium with hypo, cell walls with chitin, saprotrophic Both are eukaryotes, heterotrophs, store energy as glycogen. |
| What factors contribute to extinction and why are they important | Environment changes |
| What is the difference between gradualistic and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution | Gradualistic occurs over time Punctuated occurs when stability is broken by rapid bursts of significant cahange |
| Why are terrestrial plants so successful | Because of evolutionary adaptations and vascular tissue |
| Whats the relationship between ecology and evolutionary biology | |
| Why are viruses, viroids and prions important to consider when studying ecological processes | because they drive evolution!!!! |
| How are bacteria and archea similar and different | Both are prokaryotic, lack a membrane bound nucluus, reproduce asexually. Bacteria are heterotrophic by absorption and autotrophic by chemo/photosynthesis Archea are autotrophic by chemosynthesis |
| What type of cells are bacteria, archea, and eukarya | bacteria - prokaryotic Archea - prokaryotic Eukaryotes - Eukaryotic (plants fungi animals) |
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