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BI102 Animal form
BI102 Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical laws | Constrain body “designs”/“plans” (Law of aerodynamics (flight) and hydrodynamics (swim)) Convergent evo reflects diff species’ independent adaptation to similar environmental challenge |
| Exchange with the environment | Size & shape affect exchange of nrg & mats w/ environment Surface to volume ratio All living c must be bathed in aqueous medium, maintains fl integrity, contains nutrients/comps that diffuse and transported across plasma membr Carries away waste material |
| Size & Exchange | Single-celled - sufficient SA of membr to service cytoplasm volume Multic Sac body plan - body wall two c thick facilitates diff Flat body plan - c in contact w/ intestinal fl Complex body plans - highly folded int surf specialized for exchanging mats |
| Tissues | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous groups of cells with a common structure and function Structures suited to functions |
| Organs | Functional unit; combinations of various tissues Make up organ systems |
| Epithelial tissue | Covers outside of body, lines organs and cavities w/in body Possesses cells that are closely joined via tight junctions Fx as barrier C (at base) attached to basement membrane Dense “mat” of extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Squamos | Flat cells Simple squamous lines blood vessels Stratified squamous surfaces subject to abrasion (skin, espohageal lining, etc.) |
| Cubiodal | Square shaped Kidneys |
| Columnar | Cells w/ relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, often located where secretion or active absorption is important Rectangular Simple columnar lines intestines Stratified columnar lines urethra Pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines respiratory tract |
| Connective tissue | Primary fx bind & support other tissues Consists of sparsely packed c scattered thru/out ECM secreted by c.t c web of fibers 3 fibers Collagenous: non-elastic Elastic: rubbery Reticular: branched; cont w/ collagenous fibers; form “fabric” |
| Connective tissue | 6 types Loose, Adipose, Fibrous, Cartilage, Bone, Blood 3 types of proteinaceous fibers Collagen, elastic, reticular |
| Loose connective tissue | Binds epithelia to underlying tissues packing material Holds organs in place Fibroblasts: secrete ECM Macrophages: phagocytize bacteria, cell debris |
| Adipose tissue | Specialized loose CT: stores fat in adipose cells Insulates Stores fuel Adipose cell: contains fat droplet |
| Fibrous connective tissue | Dense (large # of collagenous fibers) Fibers organized in parallel bundles Maximize nonelastic strength Tendons connect muscle to bone Ligaments connect bone to bone (joint) |
| Cartilage | Collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate matrix Yields strength / flexibility Chondrocytes: cells that secrete collagen / chondroitin sulfate Fx - shark skeletons / skeletons of many vert. embryos Flexible support (nose, ears) Cushioning |
| Bone | Mineralized c.t. Bone form Osteoblasts: secrete collagen matrix Mineralization of matrix forms hydroxyapatite Osteon (unit of bone) – hardened matrix around central canal (blood vessels/nerves) |
| Blood | Extensive ECM Plasma: water, salts, proteins Transport of nutrients, wastes, blood cells Erythrocytes (RBC): carry O2 Leukocytes (WBC): defense Platelets: clotting |
| Muscle tissue | Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) Capable of contracting in response to nerve signals Myofibrils: actin+myosin Three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated, attached to bones by tendons, voluntary movement |
| Cardiac muscle | Striated, wall of heart, involuntary contraction, intercalated disks: signal relay |
| Smooth muscle | Not striated, digestive tract, bladder, arteries, contract slowly, involuntary |
| Nervous tissue | Senses stimuli / transmits signals throughout the animal Functional unit = neuron Cell body Axon: transmit impulses toward effector Dendrite: transmit impulses toward cell body |
| Organs and organ systems | Suspended by mesentery in body cavity Some organs arranged in layers Mucosa - lines lumen Submucosa - matrix of ct that contains bv and nerves Muscularis - consists mainly of smooth m.t Serosa - external to muscularis, thin layer of c and e tissuess |
| Coordination and Cntrl | Nervous System – electrical signals, fast acting Endocrine System – chemical signals (hormones), Slower acting Depends on the circulatory system (heart & blood vessels) to get out message |
| Bioenergetics | Orgs req chem nrg for growth, repair, metabolism, reg, and repro Regulated by feedback loops Flow of nrg limits behavor, growth, and repro Animals harvest chem nrg from food Nrg-containing molecs used to make ATP for c work via cell respiration |
| Bioenergetics | Metabolic rate: amount of nrg (calories) used per time Endothermic - heat gen by metabolism reg body temp (Birds & mammals) Ectothermic - gain heat from environment, low metabolic rates )Invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-bird reptiles) |
| Bioenergetics | Size - metabolic rate inversely related to body size among similar animals, Metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest – standard metabolic rate (SMR) Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest – any behavior consumes energy beyond BMR/SMR |
| Homeostasis | Steady state or internal balance Proc for thermoreg involve form, fx, and behavior Regulator animal - Internal cntrl mechs moderate int change in face of ext, env fluctuation Conformer animal - allows int condition to vary w/ ext changes |
| Homeostasis | Receptor detects env change Control center: process info received by receptor; directs change in effector Effector: makes physiological change to maintain homeostatsis Most fx by neg feedback dampens/reeduces change Positive feedback amplifieds change |
| Thermoregulation | Animal maintaining int temp w/in tolerable range Endotherms use metabolism; ectotherms use behavior & tolerate greater variation in int temp Strategies - Insulation, circ adaptations, cooling, behav responses, adjusting metabolic heat production |
| Endothermic | Advantages Sustained vigorous activity, maintenance of stable body temperature, cooling mechanisms Disadvantages more energetically expensive -> need more food |
| Insulation | Major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds Reduces flow of heat between an animal and its environment Includes feathers, fur, or blubber mammals: the integumentary system |
| Circulatory adaptations | Vasodilation: blood flow in the skin incr facilitating heat loss Vasoconstriction: blood flow in the skin decr, lowering heat loss Countercurrent heat exchangers Specialized arrangement of blood vessels: reduce heat loss Transfer of heat b/w vessels |
| Adjusting metabolic heat prod | Moving / shivering: incr heat prod Some mammals: nonshivering thermogenesis, incr in mitochondrial metabolic activity Prod heat instead of ATP Cntrl by hormone Brown adipose (fat) tissue: specialized for rapid heat prod |
| Behavioral Responses | Movement to cooler / warmer areas Either locally or more extreme (e.g. migration) Changing posture |
| Torpor | Nrg conservation Enables animals to save nrg while avodiing diff and dangerous conditions Physiological st in which activity is low and metabolism decr Hibernation is long term Estivation is summer Daily exhibited by small mammals and birds |
| Stages of food processing | Ingestion (eating) – mech food bd Digestion - Food Bd into small moles, involves enzymatic bd of polymers into monomers Absorption – uptake of nutrients by body cells Elimination – exit of undigested mats passes from digestive compartment |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the canal, pushing food along digestive tract |
| Sphincters | Ringlike muscles; regulate passage of mats |
| Oral cavity | mech/chem digestion Food stim saliva secretion Amylase: initiates breakdown of glucose polymers Mucin: lubrication Buffers: prevent tooth decay Antibacterial agents Tongue - taste food & shapes food into bolus and pushes to pharynx |
| Esophagus | conducts food from pharynx to the stomach, peristalsis pushes food |
| Pharynx | Throat - Junction opening to esophagus & trachea Epiglottis: flap closes off glottis |
| Stomach | Elastic; stores food (up to 2L) Lining secretes gastric “juice” - HCl secr by parietal c and pepsin converts food to acid chyme Breaks up ECM & kills most bacteria |
| Stomach | Lining coated with mucus preventing gastric secretions from destroying cells Gastric ulcers: lesions in stomach lining |
| Pepsin | Hydrolysis of proteins, breaks peptide bonds Chief cells secr inactive form - pepsinogen activated by acid |
| Small intestine | Longest section of alimentary canal Major organ of digestion and absorption Most of enzymatic hydrolysis / transport into blood 3 sections - duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Duodenum | First portion of the small intestine Acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and intestine itself |
| Liver | Many important fx in body Detoxification, glucose regulation, digestion, etc. Digestion: production of bile, contains bile salts: aid in fat digestion stored in gallbladder |
| Pancreas | Prod of hydrolytic enzymes (proteases) Secreted as inactive precursors Production of insulin Absorption of sugar from bloodstream |
| Small intestine | Huge absorptive SA Villi & microvilli exposed to lumen incr rate of nut absorption Villi possesses bv & lacteal network AA & sugs pass thru epithelium of SI & enter bloodstream Glycerol & fatty acids absorbed by epithelial c, recombine into fats in c |
| Large intestine | major fx absorb water and vitamins Houses various strains of Escherichia coli (prod vitamins) Feces becomes more solid as it moves thru colon, moves slowly 12-24 hrs, contains bacteria and undigested mats Rectum |
| Homeostasis | When blood glucose lvl rise, pancrease secr insulin Stim liver & muscle c to store gluc as glycogen When blood glu lvl drop, pancrease secr GLUCAGON, opposing effect of insulin Glucagon promotes bd of gylcogen in liver & releases gluc into blood |
| Glucagon | hormone secreted by pancreas gland when blood glucose lvls drop Opposes effect of insulin Promotes bd of glycogen in liver and release of glucose into blood, incr blood gluc lvls |
| Leptin, insulin, and PYY | Suppress hunger hormones Contrary, gherlin stimulates hunger |
| CCK , Gastrin, Secretin | Stimulates digestive system Contrary, Enterogastrone inhibits digestive system |
| Enzymes and macromolecules | Carbohydrate digestion - Amylase Protein - pepsin NA - Nucleotidases Fat - Lipase (bile is not an enzyme) |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr