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ARCH TECH

LECTURE 8 INFO

QuestionAnswer
What is the purpose of foundation? To transfer building loads safely to the ground
What must a foundation do? Prevent excessive settlement, resist sliding, resist overturning, and manage moisture.
What happens if soil is poorly understood? Cracked walls, uneven floors, structural failure, water intrusion, and cost overruns.
What is soil made of? Mineral particles, water, air, and organic matter.
What are the properties of gravel? Large particles, excellent drainage, high bearing capacity, and very stable.
What is gravel best used for? Shallow foundations.
What are the properties of sand? Medium particles, good drainage, moderate high bearing capacity, and can shift if loose.
What are the properties of silt? Fine particles, retains water, low strength when wet, and prone to erosion.
Why is clay problematic? Expands when wet, shrinks when dry, and poor drainage.
What problems can clay cause? Foundation heave, cracking, and differential settlement.
What is bearing capacity? The amount of load soil can safely support
Which soil has the highest bearing capacity? Rock then gravel
Which soils are weakest? Silt and clay
What is settlement? Vertical movement of a building after construction
What is uniform settlement? Even sinking which is usually safe
What is differential settlement? Uneven sinking causing cracking and damage
What causes settlement? Different soil types, poor compaction, water changes, tree roots.
How does water affect soil? Reduces strength, causes volume change, causes erosion, and causes frost heave.
What issues does a high water table create? Need for drainage, waterproofing, and deep foundations.
Who studies soil conditions? Geotechnical engineers
What does a geotechnical investigation include? Boreholes, soil sampling, SPT testing, and lab testing
What information is in a soil report? Soil layers, bearing capacity, groundwater level, and foundation recommendations.
When are shallow foundations used? When soil has high bearing capacity or for light buildings.
Types of shallow foundations Spread isolated footing, strip footing, mat foundation.
Advantages of shallow foundations Economical, simple, and common in low rise buildings
When are deep foundations used? Weak soils and heavy buildings
Types of deep foundations? Piles and caissons
What are piles? Long elements that transfer load to deeper strong soil or rock
What are caissons? Large diameter deep foundations used for heavy loads.
How does soil affect building height? Weak soil limits height or requires deeper foundations.
How does soil affect cost? Poor soil increases costs (deep foundations, replacement)
How does soil affect sustainability? May require soil replacement
What are signs of foundation failure? Cracks, misaligned doors or windows, uneven floors, water seepage, and structural tilting.
Do control layers stop at grade? No they must continue below grade
How is below grade water different from above grade? Below grade is hydrostatic pressure and capillary action whereas above grade is gravity and rain
What systems control water below grade? Damnproofing/waterproofing, drainage board, drain tole, capillary break, and pump pump.
What must the air barrier connect? Slab to wall to above grade wall
Why is ground not warm? It still acts as a heat sink
Common insulation strategies? Exterior insulation, interior insulation, and under slab insulation.
What is the main moisture issue below grade? Bulk water not vapor diffusion
What additional risk exists below grade? Soil gases like radon
What determines foundation type? Soil conditions
Which soils are most problematic? Clay and silt
What must architects always review? Geotechnical report
What is the most important design mindset? Foundations are part of the building envelope system not separate
Created by: averylumgair
 

 



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