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Bio II Ch 31
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fungi are ______. | heterotrophs |
| Mutualists | absorb nutrients from the host, but also have actions that benefit the host |
| Deuteromycetes | yeast and filamentous fungi tha have no known sexual form of reproduction. If we find a sexual form, they will be reclassified into a different phylum. |
| List the members of the monophyletic group (3) | 1) Fungi 2) Animals 3) Protists |
| In this clade, fungi are more closely related to _______. | Protists |
| How long ago do we think fungi colonized land? | 505 MYA |
| What two basal lineages of fungi have flagella? | Phylum Cryptomycota and Phylum Microsporidia |
| Crypotmycetes | -) found in marine and freshwater environments -) found in aerobic & anaerobic environments -) lots of them are parasites of protists and other fungi -) unicellular -) have flagellated spores -) ~30 species |
| Microsporidians | -) ~1,300 species -) unicellular parasites of protists and animals -) most famous = Nosema cerannae |
| Nosema ceranae | parasite that causes colony-collapse disorder in honeybees |
| Chyrtids | -) ubiquitous (found everywhere in) lakes and soil -) also found in hydrothermal vents and marine communities (vents in YNP) -) ~1,000 species -) some are decomposers; some are parasites of protists/other fungi/plants, or animals |
| Which organisms cause problems for amphibians? | Chytrids; 2 of the species parasitize amphibians (large decrease in number of amphibians); most of them have flagellated spores |
| Phylum Zoopagomycota | -) ~900 species -) live as parasites or commensal symbionts -) form filamentous hyphae -) reproduce asexually --> produce non-flagellated spores -) when they do reproduce sexually, they have a zygosporangium (houses/protects the zygote) |
| Mucormycetes // Zygomycetes | -) ~750 known species -) mold on strawberries, peaches, bread, sweet potatoes -) some are decomposers associated w/ plants -) OR plant parasites -) famous = Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) -) reproduce asexually but switch if environment bad |
| Ascoymetes | -) ~90,000 species -) found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats -) they have an ASCI -) sexual stage produces ascocarps = fruiting bodies -) most famous = Neurospora sp. (one gene, one enzyme hypothesis in 1930s) |
| ASCI | spores, ascospores are produced in this sac-like structure |
| Basdiomycetes | -) ~50,000 species -) fungi you're most familiar with -) some mutualistic, some parasitic -) have a basidium = reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on mushroom's gills; club-shaped -) when reproducing sexually, they produce basidiocarps |
| List some species that are a part of Phylum Basidiomycota (3) | 1) Mushrooms 2) Puffballs 3) Shelf fungi |
| Basidium | reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on mushroom's gills; club-shaped = "Club fungi" |
| T or F: Fungi can form mututalistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals. | T |
| Endophytes | Harmless fungi that live between cells of a plant part, or multicellular algae. Most are ascomycetes. They benefit certain grasses in non-woody plants. They also make toxins that deter herbivores. |
| Lichens | Photosynthetic microorganisms (green algae or cyanobacteria), and fungi; very FRAGILE; indicator of good air quality |
| List some practical uses of fungi | -) Yeast = bread, alcohol, research -) Medicines = ie penicillin = 1st antibiotic; discovered during WWII |
| List the 2 forms of fungal hyphae | 1) Septa (cross walls) 2) Coenocyctic (continuous cytoplasmic mass with lots of nuclei) |
| Mycelium | densely branched network of hyphae in fungus |
| What are the 5 major groups of fungi? | 1) Chytrids 2) Zygomycetes 3) Glomeromycetes 4) Ascomycetes 5) Basidiomycetes |
| Zoospores | flagellated spores on chytrids |
| Chytrids have cell walls made of _____. | Chitin |
| Zygomycetes | -) ~1,000 known species -) Includes species of fast-growing molds responsible for causing foods like bread, peaches, strawberries, and sweet potatoes to rot during storage -) Others live as parasites or as commensal (neutral) symbionts of animals |
| Plasmogamy produces a steady structure called a ______, in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur. | Zygosporangium |
| What life cycle stage does the zygosporangium represent? | Zygote (2n) stage |
| T or F: Zygosporangium is a zygote. | F; it is a multinucleate structure |
| Zygosporangia are resistant to ____ and _____. They are metabolically _____. | Freezing, drying; inactive |
| Glomeromycetes | -) Formerly thought to be zygomycetes -) Form a separate clade -) ~200 species described to date -) Nearly all form arbuscular mycorrhizae -) More than 80% of all plants have mutualistic partnerships with glomeromycetes |
| Conidia | Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by producing these asexual spores; not formed inside sporangia, but produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores (in clusters or in long chains) where they are dispersed by the wind |
| Fungi are well adapted as decomposers of organic material, including the _____ and _____ of plant cell walls. | Cellulose, Lignin |
| T or F: Almost any carbon-containing substrate - even jet fuel and house paint - can be produced by at least some fungi and bacteria. | T |
| What two organisms are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth? | Fungi and Bacteria |
| Without decomposers like fungi and bacteria, what elemetns would remain tied up as organic matter? | Carbon, Nitrogen, etc |
| Give one example of how fungi share their digestive services with animals. | Fungi in guts of cattle to help break down plant material |
| Soredia | small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae |
| T or F: About 30% of 100,000 known species of fungi make a living as parasites or pathogens, mostly of plants. | T |
| Give one example of a parasitic plant fungi. | Cryphonectria parasitica; ascomycete fungus that causes chesnut blight, dramatically killing many American chestnut trees |
| Mycosis | The general term for an infection in an animal by fungal parasite |
| What's one example of mycosis in humans? | Skin mycoses --> ringworm |
| What's one example of a practical use of fungi? | Morels and truffles, the edible fruiting bodies of various ascomycetes, are highly prized for their complex flavors |
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