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Unit 9: E Modern Era
Pre AP World: Early Modern Era
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Humanism | a progressive philosophy and worldview that centers on human agency, reason, and ethics rather than supernatural or divine authority. |
| Humanities | academic disciplines that study human culture, society, and the human experience through critical, speculative, and historical methods |
| Florence | the capital of Italy's Tuscany region and is globally renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance |
| patron | an individual or organization that provides financial, social, or spiritual support to another |
| perspective | In the context of Florence and the Renaissance, refers to the mathematical system used to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensional space on a flat surface |
| vernacular | refers to the everyday language spoken by ordinary people |
| Petrarch | (1304–1374) is known as the "Father of Humanism" and was a central figure in the early Italian Renaissance. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | (1452–1519) was the ultimate "Renaissance Man," a polymath whose genius spanned art, science, engineering, and anatomy |
| Michealangelo | (1475–1564) was the second titan of the High Renaissance in Florence |
| Raphael | (1483–1520) was the third titan of the High Renaissance alongside Leonardo and Michelangelo. Known as the "Prince of Painters," he was celebrated for a style defined by harmony, balance, and serene beauty |
| Baldassare Castiglione | (1478–1529) was an Italian diplomat, courtier, and author who defined the social ideals of the High Renaissance |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469–1527) was a Florentine diplomat, historian, and philosopher who became the father of modern political science. |
| Flanders | Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium and one of the three federal regions of the country |
| engraving | a revolutionary printmaking technique that allowed for the mass distribution of art |
| utopian | an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens |
| Johannes Gutenberg | (c. 1400–1468) was a German goldsmith and inventor who ignited the Printing Revolution |
| Albrecht Durer | (1471–1528) was the towering figure of the Northern Renaissance. A German painter, printmaker, and theorist, he acted as the "bridge" between the detailed, empirical realism of Flanders |
| Erasmus | (c. 1466–1536) was a Dutch priest and scholar known as the "Prince of the Humanists." |
| Sir Thomas More | (1478–1535) was an English lawyer, philosopher, and statesman who served as Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. |
| Shakespeare | (1564–1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. |
| indulgance | In the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence is a "remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven." |
| Wittenberg | officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a historic city in eastern Germany's Saxony-Anhalt state. (where Martin Luther posted 95 thesis) |
| diet | a formal deliberative assembly or imperial council. |
| predestination | the theological doctrine that God has eternally ordained the fate of every soul |
| Geneva | Switzerland’s second-largest city, is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva at the foot of the Alps. Historically, it is known as the "Protestant Rome" due to its central role in the Reformation under John Calvin. (became a calvinist theocracy) |
| theocracy | a form of government where a deity is recognized as the supreme ruling authority, and legal codes are based on religious doctrine. |
| Martin Luther | (1483–1546) was a German monk and theology professor whose challenge to the Catholic Church sparked the Protestant Reformation. |
| Charles V | (1500–1558) was the most powerful ruler of the 16th century, presiding over an empire (holy roman emperor voluntarily resigned due to too much stress on religious unity) |
| John Calvin | (1509–1564) was a French theologian and lawyer who became the leading figure of the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. (Created Calvinism) |
| sect | in the context of the Renaissance and Reformation, a religious group that has separated from an established denomination |
| canonize | to officially recognize them as belonging to a specific, authoritative list or "canon." (to recognize someone as a saint) |
| compromise | was the primary alternative to total war. Because power was fragmented among kings, nobles, and the Church, no single leader could usually dictate terms without negotiation. (A “meet in the middle” to stop conflict) (example is a treaty) |
| Council of Trent | it was the Roman Catholic Church's ultimate attempt to address the corruption and theological ambiguities that had built up throughout the High and Late Middle Ages |
| ghetto | this term originated in the 16th century to describe the mandatory, segregated quarters where minority populations were forced to live. |
| Henry VIII | (r. 1509–1547) is primarily defined by his break with the Roman Catholic Church, a move driven more by a quest for a male heir than by purely theological disagreement |
| Mary Tudor | Her reign was defined by a rejection of her father’s and brother’s reforms in favor of the strict orthodoxy being established at the Council of Trent. Prosecuted many protestants “Bloody Mary” |
| Thomas Cramner | (1489–1556) He was the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury and a key leader in the English Reformation who helped break the English church away from Roman Catholicism. |
| Elizabeth | (1533–1603) was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603, known as the "Virgin Queen" for never marrying. As the last Tudor monarch, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, her reign is known as a "Golden Age". Expressed Religious tolerance |
| Ignatius of Loyola | (1491–1556) was a Spanish Basque nobleman, soldier-turned-priest, and influential mystic who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534. St Teresa Of Avila- 16th-century Spanish Carmelite nun, prominent mystic, and religious reformer |
| St. Teresa of Availa | 16th-century Spanish Carmelite nun, prominent mystic, and religious reformer |
| heliocentric | Having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. |
| scientific method | An iterative, systematic process for investigating the natural world, fostering objective, evidence-based knowledge through observation, questioning, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and analysis |
| hypothesis | A tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon, acting as an educated guess that guides research |
| gravity | A fundamental force of attraction between any two objects with mass or energy, pulling them toward each other. |
| calculus | The mathematical study of continuous change, focusing on rates of change (derivatives) and the accumulation of quantities (integrals) developed by Sir Isaac Newton. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473–1543) Polish astronomer who concluded that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve. Contradicted the religious + scientific belief that Earth was the center of the universe. Did not suffer immediate challenges from the Church. |
| Tycho Brahe | (1546–1601) was a Danish astronomer who made the most accurate pre-telescope star measurements. His observation of a new star in a known constellation challenged the belief that stars were fixed and unchanging. |
| Johannes Kepler | (1571–1630) was a German astronomer who built on Copernicus’s heliocentric model, showing that planets move in specific orbits around the sun. He also correctly explained vision and how telescopes use light. |
| Galileo Galilei | (1564–1642) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician whose telescope discoveries supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory, challenged established beliefs, and helped develop the modern scientific method. |
| Francis Bacon | (1561–1626) was a distinguished English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer. A man of many talents, he promoted rational thought. Bacon was held in high regard by philosophers and scientists in Europe as well as England. |
| Rene Descartes | (1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who rejected Aristotle’s methods and promoted science based on observation and experiment, earning him the title “father of modern philosophy.” |
| Robert Boyle | (1627–1691) was an English-Irish scientist whose work with pressurized air led to Boyle’s Law, describing the relationship between gas pressure and volume. He also helped found the Royal Society of London. |
| (Sir) Isaac Newton | (1642–1727) was an English mathematician and physicist whose three laws of motion and law of gravity became the foundation of modern physics. His 1687 book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy is one of the most important scientific works. |
Created by:
Anwaar Khan