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Exam 3 Study Prep
Abdominal Sonography II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What hormone is the most active and allows the thyroid to regulate metabolic function? | T3 |
| What is the most common thyroid disorder? | Hypothyroidism |
| Which disease process can result in thyroiditis | Viral infections |
| What is the most common form of thyroiditis | Hashimoto's |
| What is the normal sonographic appearance of the strap muscles compared to the normal thyroid gland? | Hypoehoic |
| How many parathyroid glands are normally present? | 4 |
| What is a consistent sonographic finding of a thyroid adenoma | Thin hypoechoic halo |
| Which of the following are imaging characteristics of thyroid carcinoma? | Microcalcifications, hypoechoic, taller than wide |
| Which of the following would indicate lymph node pathology? | Absence of fatty hilum, round shape, >1cm |
| What structure lies medial to the thyroid gland? | Trachea |
| What is the most common thyroid carcinoma? | Papillary Carcinoma |
| What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism? | Grave's Disease |
| Elevated TSH is indicative of what condition? | Hypothyroidism |
| Elevated T3 and T4 can indicate what condition? | Grave's Disease |
| What lab values would you expect to see in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis? | High TSH, Low T3 and T4 |
| What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adult males? | Epididymo-orchitis |
| What is the most common germ cell tumor in the testicle? | Seminoma |
| What structure is loated between the head of the epididymis and the testicle? | Appendix Testis |
| What is the dense fibrous capsule that covers the testicle? | Tunica Albuginea |
| What venous network drains the testicle? | Pampiniform Plexus |
| What term refers to a purulent fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis? | Pyocele |
| What lab values are associated with testicular seminoma? | Elevated AFP, Elevated HCG |
| What is the hyperechoic line coursing through the testis in a craniocaudal direction? | Mediastinum Testis |
| What is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling? | Hydrocele |
| What surgical treatment treats an undescended testicle by freeing it and implanting into the scrotum? | Orchiopexy |
| What is the most common cause of epididymo-orchitis? | Lower UTI |
| What deformity can lead to testicular torsion? | Bell Clapper |
| Which zone of the prostate gland is most often involved in BPH? | Transitional |
| Which zone of the prostate is most often the site of malignancies? | Peripheral |
| What anatomic structure within the prostate is used to divide the gland into anterior and posterior sections? | Urethra |
| What lab value is evaluated for evidence of prostate cancer? | PSA |
| The cavernous branch of the penile artery supplies the? | Corpus Caveronsum |
| Which muscles of the penis surrounds the urethra? | Corpus Spongiosum |
| What is an example of a tendon with a synovial sheath? | Biceps Tendon |
| What is the largest tendon in the body? | Achilles Tendon |
| What tendon in the rotator cuff is most frequently torn? | Supraspinatus |
| What term is used to describe acute inflammation of the tendon and the synovial sheath? | Tenosynovitis |
| What is meant by the term "thyroid inferno?" | Increase in vascular flow |
| What are the sonographic image characteristics of the normal thyroid gland and its surrounding structures? | The superior and inferior thyroid vessels are best imaged in the sagittal plane, the sternocleidomastoid, longus Colli, and strap muscles are hypoechoic when compared with thyroid tissue, and the gland exhibits a homogenous echotexture of medium echogeni. |
| How many lobes make up a normal thyroid gland? | Two |
| What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism? | Adenoma |
| What is a cystic formation lateral to the thyroid gland? | Brachial cleft cyst |
| What structure connects the lobes of the thyroid gland? | Isthmus |
| What is the sonographic appearance of an abnormal lymph node? | Round contour |
| What is a consistent sonographic finding of a thyroid adenoma? | Thin hypoechoic halo |
| What neck structure lies medial to the thyroid gland? | Trachea |
| Which carcinoma is the most common cause of thyroid malignancy? | Papillary |
| The thyroid is an endocrine gland that regulates metabolic function through the production of which hormone? | T3 |
| What disease processes can result in thyroiditis? | Bacterial infections, viral infections, and postpartum changes (all are correct) |
| Which organs are affected by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)? | Kidneys, skeletal system, intestines |
| How many parathyroid glands are normally present? | Four |
| What is a clinical sign of a thyroid goiter? | Thyroid gland enlargement |
| Acute scrotal pain and swelling in adolescent males are suggestive of which medical condition? | Testicular Torsion |
| Which parts of the male reprodutive system are within the scrotal sac? | Testes, epididymis, spermatic cord |
| Which medical problem may occur secondary to the onset of epididymitis? | Orchitis |
| What surgical procedure is used to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum? | Orchiopexy |
| Where are spermatoceles located? | In the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis |
| Which statement about an undescended testicle (cryptochordism) are TRUE? | The testis originiates in the retroperitoneum at the level of the fetal kidney, there is an increased incidence of infertility, there is a high association with testicular malignancy |
| What is a dense, fibrous capsule that covers the testis? | Tunica Albuginea |
| Which scanning system feature can improve contrast resolution and the visibility of low-level echoes? | Harmonics |
| What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adult males? | Epididymo-orchitis |
| Where is the rete testis located? | Hilum of the testis |
| Which structure is attached at the superior pole of the testicle and is located between the epididymis and the testicle? | Appendix Testis |
| What is the most common germ cell tumor in the testicle? | Seminoma |
| Scrotal hydroceles develop between which two tissues? | Parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis |
| What is the recommended follow-up examination schedule for patients with microlithiasis? | Annually |
| What is/are the sonographic image characteristics of the epididmyis when compared to the testicle? | Coarser in echotexture |
| True or False: Calcifications imaged in the prostate have an unknown etiology and are considered an incidental finding | True |
| What sonographic image characteristics are commonly associated with prostatitis? | Hypoechoic periurethral halo, heterogenous echotexture of peripheral zone, hyperemia with color doppler imaging (all are correct) |
| How many zones make up the glandular tissue of the normal prostate gland? | Four |
| Which lab test uses a sample of the patient's blood to look for evidence related to prostate cancer? | Prostate-Specific-Antigen (PSA) |
| What is the name of the region within the prostate where the ejaculatory ducts join the urethra? | Verumontanum |
| How many luminal structures (passageways) are there through the normal prostate gland? | Two |
| Which zone of the prostate gland is most ofen involved in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) | Transitional |
| Which anatomic structure within the prostate is used to divide the gland into the anterior (fibromuscular) and posterior (glandular) sections? | Urethra |
| Peryronie's Disease | Acquired deformity caused by the fibrosis of the tunica albuginea |
| Ischemic Priapism | Persistent unwanted erection due to impaired blood drainage |
| Nonischemic Priapism | Persistent unwanted erection due to trauma |
| Erectile Dysfunction | Disruption to the normal physiologic process of increased arterial flow and increase venous resistance in the penile vessels |
| What is the normal resting diameter of the cavernosal artery? | 0.3-0.7 mm |
| The cavernous branch of the common penile artery supplies the? | Corpus Cavernous |
| Which medical problem may occur secondary to the onset of epididymitis? | Orchitis |
| What are some considerations for a differential diagnosis of a testicular neoplasm? | Abscess, Infection, Hemorrhage (all) |
| What is the hyperechoic line coursing through the testis in a craniocaudal direction? | Mediastinum Testis |
| What are the dimensions of the normal adult testicle? | 3-5 cm length, 2-4 cm width, 3cm AP |
| True statement about scrotums | A small amount of fluid in the scrotum is normal |
| Where is the epididymis normally located? | Posterior and Superior to the testis |
| What tendon in the rotator cuff is the most frequently affected by a full-thickness tear? | Supraspinatus |
| Which imaging plane will demonstrate skeletal muscles as homogenous with multiple, fine parallel echoes? | Longitudinal |
| The saclike structure that surrounds joints and tendons and contains viscous fluid is called? | Bursa |
| What artifact occurs when the sound beam misses the transducer on the return because of the curve of the strucrture being imaged? | Ansiotropy |
| What is the structure that connects bone to bone? | Ligament |
| Acute tears can appear as ? defects in the tendon | Hypoechoic |
| While performing an exam on the rotator cuff, the biceps tendon will be seen as an echogenic structure located in the? | Bicipital groove of the humeral head |
| Which of the following is an example of a bipennate muscle? | Gastrocnemius |
| Transverse views of a normal tendon will appear as? | Echogenic, oval soft tissue structure |
| What tendon is largest in the body? | Achilles Tendon |
| What term is used to describe acute inflammation of the tendon and the synovial sheath? | Tenosynovitis |
| A common communicating bursa seen in the popliteal fossa is called? | Baker's Cyst |
| Muscles are attached by? | Tendons |
| Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of nerves? | Hypoechoic to tendons, hyperechoic to muscle |
Created by:
marissagirl