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Practical 2
Blood typing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wright's Stain | a polychromatic, differential stain consisting of eosin and methylene blue. When applied to blood cells, the dyes produce multiple colors based on the ionic charge of the stain and the charges on the components of the cell. |
| Eosin ions are what charge, and what Ph? | Acidic, and negatively charged, so they stain positively charged cell components an orange, pink, or dark red color. |
| Methylene blue is what charge, and what Ph? | Basic, Alkaline, and positively charged, so they stain negatively charged cell components in varying shades of blue to black. |
| Centrifuge | Spins to make blood separate into viscosities |
| Focus point of this lab? | Formed Elements |
| What part of the Wright's stain is plasma? | The space in between the cells |
| How much of blood is plasma? | 55% |
| Characteristics of plasma? | Fluid, protein-rich, found between cells |
| Major parts of plasma, with percentages (3 of them) | 93% water, 7% plasma proteins and regulatory proteins, and then other solutes |
| Erythrocytes, cell or no? Why? | Technically not a cell. Erythrocytes are cells that have ejected their nucleus, dead bodies. |
| How much of blood is Erythrocytes? | 45% |
| Other names of Erythrocytes? | RBC's, Red blood cells, Corpuscles (dead bodies) |
| Physical characteristics of Erythrocytes | Uniform, same size, uniform color, no nucleus, BICONCAVE DISC, red in Wright's Stain |
| What does weird looking uL mean? | microliter, same as cubic millimeter in measure |
| What does mm^3 mean? | cubic millimeter, same as microliter in measure |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for Erythrocytes? | 4.4-6.0 million cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of Erythrocytes | carry O2 and CO2 from tissues and lungs |
| What is formed elements? | cells of the blood, (with the exception of erythrocytes, but still included) |
| Leukocytes, true cell, or no? | True cell |
| How much of the blood is Leukocytes? | Not even 1% |
| Other names of Leukocytes? | White blood cells, WBC's |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for Leukocytes? | 5,000-10,000 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Granulocytes kinds (Leukocytes) (3 kinds) | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils |
| Agranulocytes kinds (Leukocytes) (2 kinds) | Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
| Granulocytes have? | dots or granules in cytoplasm |
| Agranulocytes don't have? | dots or granules in cytoplasm |
| Neutrophil (Granulocytes) other names | neutrocytes, heterophils, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) |
| Neutrophil physical characteristics? | Neutral, so don't take in as much, lighter pink color. 4 or 5 lobes to nucleus. lighter pink granules in the cytoplasm. |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for neutrophils? | 1,800-7,300 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of Neutrophils? | Phagocytic, effective against bacteria. Release cytotoxic chemicals from granules. |
| Eosinophil (Granulocyte) physical characteristics? | love eosin, so the granules are darker red than RBC's. Two lobes per nucleus. |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for Eosinophils? | 0-700 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of Eosinophils? | Phagocytic cells, particularly effective against antigen-antibody complexes. Release antihistamines. Increase in allergies and parasitic infections. |
| Basophil physical characteristics | Love basic, so much blue they're almost black. |
| Normal Range in uL (mm^3 of blood for Basophils? | 0-150 cells/uL or cells/mm^3. The least common leukocyte |
| Function of Basophils | Promotes inflammation |
| Lymphocyte Physical characteristics | sliver of lighter blue cytoplasm, basically none, not much bigger than RBC's |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for Lymphocytes? | 1,500-4,000 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of Lymphocytes | Primarily specific (adaptive) immunity. Can be T cells, B cells, or natural killer cells. |
| T cells (lymphocytes) do what? | T cells attack other cells (cellular immunity) |
| B cells (lymphocytes) do what? | B cells release antibodies (humoral immunity) |
| Natural Killer Cells (lymphocytes) do what and are what size? | Largest type of lymphocyte, similar to T cells (attack other cells) but non-specific |
| Monocytes, physical characteristics | Biggest of all, lots of pale blue cytoplasm, indented or horseshoe shaped nucleus normally. |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for Monocytes? | 200-950 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of Monocytes? | Very effective phagocytic cells engulfing pathogens and old cells. Serves also as antigen-presenting cells (APC's) for other components of the immune system. |
| What are APC's? antigen-presenting cells | These find antigens, and bring them to other cells that can take care of them, presenting them |
| Thrombocytes other name? | Platelets |
| Physical characteristics of thrombocytes? | cellular fragments, may contain granules. |
| are thrombocytes true cells? | No, they're fragments of cells. |
| What is the normal range in uL (mm^3) in blood for thrombocytes? | 150,000-500,000 cells/uL or cells/mm^3 |
| Function of thrombocytes? | Homeostasis plus release factors for repair and healing of tissue. |
| Blood typing is? | putting blood into categories, based on molecules that stick off of erythrocytes so you can move blood from person to person without killing someone. |
| Antibody | Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to specifically recognize and neutralize antigens. |
| Antigen | foreign substances that trigger an immune response. |
| Serum, what is it, and what three ones are there? | If you get rid of all the formed elements and the pieces that clot, antibodies are the serum that's left. Anti A, Anti B, and anti RH |
| Serotyping | Using serums to find antigens in blood to know blood type. |
| Agglutination | Agglutination in blood is the clumping of red blood cells or other particles due to a specific antigen-antibody reaction. |
| How many blood group systems are there? What are the two we worry about in the medical field? | There are 33 blood group systems. We worry about the ABO and Rh systems. |
| ABO system is based on? | system based on glycoproteins in erythrocyte glycocalyx |
| Type A blood, what antibodies in plasma? What antigens in RBC? Blood types compatible in an emergency? | Anti-B antibodies. A antigen in RBC's. A and O compatible in an emergency. |
| Type B blood, what antibodies in plasma? What antigens in RBC? Blood types compatible in an emergency? | Anti-A antibodies. B antigen in RBC's. B and O compatible in an emergency. |
| Type AB blood, what antibodies in plasma? What antigens in RBC's? Blood types compatible in an emergency? | No antibodies. A and B antigens in RBC's. A, B, AB, and O compatible. |
| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB+ |
| Type O blood, what antibodies in plasma? What antigens in RBC's? Blood types compatible in an emergency? | Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in plasma. No antigens. O compatible only. |
| What is the universal donor? | O |
| Rh system | system based on protein presence in erythrocyte membrane. |
| Why would you want to know a patients Rh group? | In blood transfusions and pregnancies. Rh+ can have either, but Rh- can only have Rh- |
| How many people approximately are Rh+? | 85% |
| How many people approximately are Rh-? | 15% |
| An Rh- pregnancy | Can have an Rh+ baby once, tricking the body when the baby comes out, blood doesn't mix til then. After the first, any after will have to be on medication, or the anti-Rh+ antibodies can cross the placenta and attack and kill the unborn baby. |
| what is the most common blood type? | O+ |
| What is the 2nd most common blood type? | A+ |
| What is the least common blood type? | AB- |
| Is it more common to be Rh negative or positive? | Positive |
| size of erythrocytes | 7 to 8 uL diameter |
| Easy way of remembering neutrophil function | neutralizes bacteria |
| easyish way of remembering function of basophils | base for responding to allergic reactions with heparin and histamines |
| quick easy word for what monocytes do | Phagocytosis, APC's |
| quick easy two words for what lymphocytes do | antibody production |
| three quick things for what eosinophils do | antihistamines, phagocytic, antigen-antibody complex |
Created by:
JoshuaB5