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EP week 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Stress hormones also known as? | exercise hormones |
| Which type of hormones are most acutely affected during exercise? | Metabolic |
| What is true about all anabolic processes? | All regulated by insulin |
| What anabolic process occurs in all tissues? | Amino acid uptake |
| Where does glycogenesis occur? | skeletal muscle and liver |
| List the 4 catabolic processes | Glycogenolysis Glycolysis Lipolysis gluconeogenesis |
| What metabolic responses occur to acute exercise? | all catabolic processes increase |
| Where is Adrenaline and noradrenaline released from? | adrenal medulla |
| The release of adrenaline and noradrenaline is primarily: | Neural |
| During exercise, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels: | Increase with intensity |
| Noradrenaline begins to increase significantly at approximately: | 50%v02 max |
| adrenaline begins to increase significantly at approximately: | 75% V02 max |
| What does adrenaline inhibit in response to exercise? | Insulin release |
| What does adrenaline and noradrenaline increase in response to exercise? | glycogenolysis and lipolysis |
| What do ACTH and cortisol levels increase with: | Longer duration, higher intensity activity |
| Why do Cortisol levels remain elevated for some time after exercise? | Anti-inflammatory |
| What sort of hormone is cortisol? | Catabolic |
| Which of the following exercise conditions is MOST likely to increase cortisol? | High-intensity exercise (~90% VO₂max) |
| Where is glucagon secreted from? | alpha cells of pancreas |
| What happens to glucagon release during exercise? | Increases |
| What sort of release is glucagon? | Humoral |
| What are two processes glucagon increases in exercise? | glycogenolysis, lipolysis |
| Where is insulin secreted from? | beta cells of pancreas |
| What similarity does insulin and the pancreas have? | Both Humoral releases |
| What happens to insulin release during exercise? | Inhibited |
| What hormone is important during recovery? | Insulin |
| What is main function of insulin | Increasing glucose uptake |
| Which of glucagon and insulin is CATABOLIC? | Glucagon |
| T OR F: All cells are dependent on insulin | F, RBCS aren't |
| Where is prolactin released from? | Anterior Pituitary |
| What release does prolactin have? | Hormonal |
| What are the 2main permissive hormones? | Thyroid and Growth |
| Where is thyroid released from? | Released from thyroid gland |
| What stimulates thyroid release? | TSH from anterior pituitary (hormonal regulation) |
| In the bloodstream, most thyroid hormones are: | Free/unbound |
| What are 2 main Effects of T 3 and T4? | Increase ATP synthesis in mitochondria Increase metabolic activity of most cells |
| Where is growth hormone released from? | Released from anterior pituitary |
| Is the direct effect of GH catabolic or anabolic | catabolic |
| During exercise, growth hormone (GH) levels: | Increase |
| What hormones decrease from the same exercise test? | NA Adrenaline GH |
| Exercise training reduces NA and Adrenaline responses to the same: | Absolute workload of exercise |
| Exercise training increases NA and Adrenaline responses to the same: | relative intensity of exercise |
| Glucagon responses to the same absolute workload are reduced after: | 20 weeks training at 60-80% of VO 2max |
| Insulin levels are lower at the same absolute workload after: | 20 weeks training at 60-80% of VO 2max |
| Diabetes insipidus is primarily caused by: | Excess urine |
| Diabetes mellitus is characterised by: | Glucose in urine |
| How many categories of diabetes mellitus are there? | 4 categories |
| What is often impaired in diabetes mellitus | Release and synthesis of insulin |
| Disorder of CHO, fat & protein metabolism is a result of: | Diabetes mellitus |
| Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle primarily occurs via | GLUT-4 |
| What is a result of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus? | progressive beta-cell destruction |
| How many diabetics have type 1? | 10% |
| What are two effects of a lack of insulin? | Elevated blood glucose levels Catabolism of fats and proteins |
| What form of diabetes is a "slow, progressive disease"? | Type 2 mellitus |
| what is the (leading cause of death in diabetics? | CAD |
| what Macrovascular disorders are assosciated with diabetes mellitus? | CAD PVD Atherosclerosis |
| what Microvascular disorders re assosciated with diabetes mellitus? | Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathies |
| Which microvascular disorder affects 30-50% of diabetics? | Nephropathy (renal disease) |
| Autonomic neuropathy primarily affects: | Thermoregulation and blood pressure control |
| Early symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include: | Pain and paresthesias |
| What percent of people suffer from Type 2 diabetes mellitus? | 90% |
| What becomes an increased risk with Type 2 diabetes mellitus? | Metabolic syndrome |
| Sedentary time associated with _ increase in diabetes risk | 91% |
| What does sedentary time reduce? | Cardiometabolic health |
| T OR F: Meeting physical activity guidelines does not rule out sedentary lifestyles | T |
| What intensity should diabetics aerobically exercise at? | moderate, 50-70% HRmax |
| What RPE should diabetics exercise at aerobically? | 11-13 |
| When should blood glucose levels be checked? | Before and after exercise |
| How long should you exercise after insulin injection? | 1-2 hours |
| Exercise should be avoided if blood glucose is: | 13-15mmol/l |
| Hypoglycaemia is defined as blood glucose: | <6 mmol/L |
| What should you avoid with peripheral neuropathy? | High intensity exercise |
| What aggravates kidney disease progression? | High BP |
| What is Gestational diabetes mellitus defined as? | impaired glucose tolerance first observed during pregnancy |
| What is the main aim of the CV system in response to acute exercise? | Increase O2 delivery to skeletal muscle |
| What are the other CV responses to acute exercise? | increase blood flow to skeletal muscle Increase O2 extraction from blood |
| Blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise is increased primarily by: | increased cardiac output |
| How do you find cardiac output? | Cardiac output = HR x SV |
| What is cardiac output equal to? | Venous return |
| What is HR more increased in : isometric or dynamic work? | dynamic |
| Does HR increase more in large muscle or small muscle group work? | Small muscle groups |
| Neural control of heart rate during exercise is dependent on what systems? | Parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Decrease in PSNS increases HR to: | 100 b/min |
| Increase in SNS increases HR above | 100 b/min to max |
| Input from where primarily sets HR? | motor cortex to medulla |
| What stops occurring heart after heart transplant? | neural innervation |
| How do you find sv | EDV-ESV |
| What increases SV less: dynamic or isometric work? | Isometric |
| Stroke volume during exercise is primarily increased by: | Sympathetic drive |
| What are the 3 main mechanisms that enhance VR during exercise? | Neural venoconstriction (minor) – Respiratory pump (modest) – Skeletal muscle pump (major) |
| What is the Skeletal muscle pump? | Valves in veins important for ensuring direction of flow |
| What does SBP immediately in response to exercise? | Increases |
| What steadys SBP immediate increase in dynamic exercise? | Increase in CO |
| During isometric or heavy resistance exercise, blood pressure | Slowly increases |
| Blood pressure increases during isometric exercise are proportional to | Workload and duration of contraction |
| What does Rate-pressure product (RPP) measure | Workload and stress of the heart |
| How to find RPP? | HR x SBP |
| Blood flow (cardiac output) is best described by: | MAP/TPR |
| During dynamic exercise, total peripheral resistance (TPR): | Decreases |
| A decrease in TPR during exercise will typically: | Decrease DBP |
| Where is majority of the blood flow delivered to in exercise? | Skeletal muscle |
| During exercise, blood flow to the splanchnic and renal regions: | Decreases |
| Redistribution of blood flow during exercise is primarily proportional to: | Exercise intensity |
| Blood flow redistribution during exercise is mainly controlled by changes in: | vascular resistance |
| Vasoconstriction during exercise is mediated by the: | SNS |
| What is an input to cardiovascular control during exercise? | Motor cortex |
| Which nervous systems works as an output in neural control of cv function? | Both SNS and PSNS |
| Venous O₂ content can decrease from ~15 ml/100 ml to approximately: | 2ml/100ml |
| During maximal exercise, a-vO₂ difference can increase to approximately: | 18 ml O 2 /100ml |
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oncetherewasareg