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Unit 4 Review

Key Terms for Unit 4

TermDefinition
Chemical Energy The most important type of energy in biology; the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules (like glucose).
Energy The ability to cause change or perform work.
Entropy A measure of the disorder or randomness of the universe.
First Law of Thermodynamics The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.
Heat A type of kinetic energy; the random movement of molecules.
Kinetic Energy The energy of motion.
Potential Energy Stored energy, based on position or structure.
Second Law of Thermodynamics The rule that every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) The molecule produced when ATP loses its third phosphate group and releases energy.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) The main energy currency for cells; provides immediate energy for cellular work.
ATP Cycle The process in which energy from food is used to add a phosphate back to ADP to regenerate ATP.
Phosphorylation The process of transferring a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule to provide energy for work.
Anabolic Pathways Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler compounds.
Catabolic Pathways Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
Endergonic Reaction A reaction that requires a net input of energy from the surroundings.
Energy Coupling The use of an exergonic process (energy-releasing) to drive an endergonic process (energy-requiring).
Exergonic Reaction A reaction that results in a net release of energy.
Metabolism The total collection of chemical reactions in a living organism.
Activation Energy The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
Active Site The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and where the reaction occurs.
Catalyst A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Denaturation The process by which an enzyme permanently loses its specific 3D shape and ability to function.
Enzymes Specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts.
Products The new molecule(s) that are produced as a result of the enzyme's action.
Reactants (Substrate) The molecule(s) that start the reaction; the enzyme acts specifically on its substrate.
Substrate The specific reactant molecule that an enzyme acts on.
Autotroph An organism that produces its own food (organic molecules) using light or chemical energy.
Calvin Cycle The second stage of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar.
Chlorophyll The primary light-absorbing pigment in plants that reflects green light and absorbs blue/red light.
Chloroplast The specialized organelle (plastid) where photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotic cells.
Light-Dependent Reactions The initial stage of photosynthesis that captures solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
Stroma The fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids where the Calvin Cycle occurs.
Thylakoid Flattened sac-like membranes inside the chloroplast where the light-capturing reactions occur.
Aerobic A process that requires the presence of oxygen to proceed.
Anaerobic A process that occurs in the absence of oxygen (e.g., fermentation).
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) The primary energy-transferring molecule in living cells.
Cellular Respiration The process of breaking down glucose and other food molecules to release energy (ATP).
Fermentation An anaerobic pathway that allows glycolysis to continue by producing either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol as byproducts.
Glycolysis The first step of respiration that breaks glucose into two smaller molecules; occurs in the cytosol.
Mitochondria The membrane-bound organelle where the most significant energy transformations (ATP production) occur in eukaryotic cells.
Created by: user-2016084
 

 



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