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Biology Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is energy? | The capacity to cause change or do work |
| What is kinetic energy? | Energy of motion |
| What is thermal energy? | Kinetic energy from random movement of atoms and molecules (heat) |
| What is potential energy? | Energy stored due to position or structure |
| What is chemical energy? | A type of potential energy release during a chemical reaction |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| How does the first law apply to metabolism? | Cells transform energy from food into usable forms like ATP |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder) |
| How does the second law apply to metabolism? | Energy conversions in cells release heat and increase disorder |
| What is ATP? | The main energy currency of the cell |
| What is an enzyme? | A biological catalyst that lowers activation energy |
| What are key characteristics of enzymes? | Specific, reusable, and speed up reactions |
| What is a substrate? | The reactant an enzyme acts on |
| What is the active site? | The region where the substrate binds |
| What is a product? | The substance formed after a reaction |
| What is an allosteric site? | A regulatory site on an enzyme separate from the active site |
| What is an allosteric regulator? | A molecule that binds to the allosteric site to change enzyme activity |
| What is an allosteric activator? | A molecule that increases enzyme activity |
| What is an allosteric inhibitor? | A molecule that decreases enzyme activity |
| How does temperature affect enzyme activity? | Activity increases to an optimal point, then drops sharply due to denaturation |
| How does pH affect enzyme activity? | Each enzyme has an optimal pH; activity decreases outside that range |
| How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity? | Activity increases until enzymes are saturated, then levels off |
| What is enzyme regulation? | Control of enzyme activity |
| What is compartmentalization? | Enzymes are kept in specific cell locations |
| What are cofactors? | Non-protein helpers that activate enzymes |
| What are 3 advantages of feedback inhibition? | Prevents waste, conserves resources, avoids harmful buildup of products |
| How much ATP does glycolysis produce (net)? | 2 ATP |
| How much ATP does the citric acid cycle produce? | 2 ATP |
| How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce? | About 26–28 ATP |
| What is fermentation? | Anaerobic process that regenerates NAD⁺ without oxygen |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Uses an electron transport chain without oxygen |
| What colors of light does chlorophyll a absorb and reflect? | It absorbs Blue and red, and reflects green |
| Grana | stacks of thylakoids |
| Thylakoid | membrane sacs where light reactions occur |
| Stroma | fluid surrounding thylakoids |
| Why is photosynthesis important to the biosphere? | Produces oxygen and organic molecules that support life |
| What structures are used for movement in protists? | Cilia, flagella, pseudopodia |
| Which organism uses cilia? | Paramecium |
| Which organism uses a flagellum? | Euglena |
| Which organism uses pseudopodia? | Amoeba |
Created by:
Erista