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Chapter 12
Learners with Blindness or low vision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legally blind | A person that has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction or has a field of vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees. |
| Low vision | A term used by educators to refer to individuals whose visual impairment is not so severe that they are unable to read print of any kind. |
| Braille | A system in which raised dots allow people who are blind to read with their fingertips. |
| Cornea | A transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil in the eye. |
| Aqueous humor | A watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye. |
| Pupil | The contractile opening in the middle of the iris of the eye. |
| Lens | A structure that refines and changes the focus of the light rays passing through the eyes. |
| Vitreous humor | A transparent, gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens of the eye. |
| Retina | The back portion of the eye containing nerve fibers connected to the optic nerve. |
| Optic nerve | The nerve at the back of the eye, which sends visual information back to the brain. |
| Visual acuity | The ability to see fine details; usually measured with the Snellen chart. |
| Snellen chart | Used in determining visual acuity. |
| functional vision assessment | An appraisal of an individual's use pf vision in everyday situations. |
| Refraction | The bending of light rays as they pass through the structures of the eye. |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness: vision for distant objects is affected. |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness: vision for near objects is affected; usually results when the eyeball is too short. |
| Astigmatism | Blurred vision caused by an irregular cornea or lens. |
| Glaucoma | A condition often, but not always, due to excessive pressure in the eyeballs. |
| Cataracts | A condition caused by clouding of the lends of the eye; affects color vision and distance vision. |
| Diabetic retinopathy | A condition resulting from interference with the blood supply to the retina. |
| Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) | A poorly understood childhood condition that apparently involved dysfunction in the visual cortex. |
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) | A condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth. |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | A condition resulting in underdevelopment of the optic nerve. |
| Retinitis pigmentosa | A hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of the retina. |
| Tunnel vision | A condition characterized by problems in peripheral, vision or a narrowing of the field of vision. |
| night blindness | A condition characterized by problems in seeing at low levels of illumination. |
| Strabismus | A condition in which the eyes are directed inward (cross-eyed) or outward. |
| Nystagmus | A condition in which there are rapid involuntary movements of the eyes. |
| Orientation and mobility (O&M) | The ability to have a sense of where one is in relation to other people, objects, and landmarks and to move through the environment. |
| Cognitive mapping | A nonsequential way of conceptualizing the spatial environment that allows a person who has visual impairment to know where several points in the environment are simultaneously. |
| Obstacle sense | A skill possessed by some people who are blind, whereby they can detect the presence of obstacles in their environments. |
| Echolocation | Ability to detect objects in the environment in auditory echoes created by footsteps, tapping a cane, clicking one's tongue. |
| Phonological awareness | The ability to understand the speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables, and phonemes. |
| Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) | Developed for students with blindness or low vision. |
| Unified English Braille (UEB) | A combination of literary braille and braille codes for technical fields, such as Nemeth code for science and mathematics; not yet widely adopted. |
| Large-print books | Books having a font size that is larger than the usually 10-point type. |
| Magnifying devices | Often recommended for people with low vision. |
| Long cane | A mobility aid used by individuals with visual impairment, who sweep it in a wide arc in front of them. |
| Tactile maps | An embossed representation of the environment that people who are blind can use to orient themselves to their surroundings. |
| Braille notetakers | Portable devices that can be used to take notes in braille, which are then converted to speech, braille, or text. |
| NFB-Newsline | A free service available through the National Federation of the Blind. |
| Descriptive Video Service | A service for use of people with visual impairment that provides audio narrative of key visual elements. |
| Itinerant Teacher service | Services for students who have visual impairment in which the special education teacher visits several different schools to work with students and their general education teachers. |
| Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) | A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed. |
| Accessible pedestrian signals | Devices for people who are blind to let them know when the walk signal is on at intersections; can be auditory, tactile, or both. |
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HaileySembach25!