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sea turtle quiz 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many sea turtles facilities take on stun turtles during winter months only | 15 |
| What are the 3 key objectives when it comes to successful sea turtle husbandry | proper nutrition clean environment to promote healing minimal amount of stress |
| What are the two types of housing systems | flow through closed loop |
| Where is the flow through system water drawn from | natural sea water source |
| How does the flow through system water meet water quality parameters | sufficient turnover |
| What must the flow through system have | a mechanical component |
| Pros of a flow through system | less expensive less staff expertise needed to maintain |
| Cons of a flow through system | chance for water source becomes contaminated (will need alternative source) Intense water treatments needed |
| What does the closed loop system do for the water | recirculates and filters water for reuse |
| What source(s) of water can be used in a close loop system | natural or synthetic |
| Pros of closed loop system | saves on water need and use no outside contamination from a water source |
| Cons of closed loop system | more expensive complex system greater experience needed |
| What does the nitrogen cycle begin with | decomposition of organic material, release of excrement, administering meds |
| What does nitrifying bacteria oxidize | ammonia (NH3) |
| What does the oxidized ammonia turn into | moderately toxic nitrites (NO2) |
| What does nitrites get oxidized into | nitrates (NO3) |
| What two genera of bacteria facilitate ammonia oxidation | nitrosomonas and nitrosospira |
| Where are nitrifying bacteria typically found (where do they colonize) | dark oxygenated areas |
| How is salinity measured | with a refractometer, conductivity meter or hydrometer |
| What is the specific gravity of sea water kept at | between 20 ppt and 35 ppt |
| How is salinity decreased or increased | raising or lowering water temperature |
| What does raising the water temperature do to salinity | decreases it |
| How long can sea turtles be held in water that is more or less saline water per week | 24 hours |
| Why does the salinity of outdoor pools fluctuate often | evaporation and dilution caused by heat and rain |
| Why do shallower tanks have quick salinity changes | greater surface area |
| Why do sea turtles rely on environmental temperatures | dont generate metabolic heat |
| What may interfere with an ectotherm's metabolism, immune response, digestion and mobility | temperatures outside of its normal range |
| What temperature must the sea turtles be kept at | 68F and 86F |
| High temps can promote what with turtles | rapid growth of parasites and bacteria |
| pH for water of sea turtles need to be between | 7.2 to 8.5 |
| Optimum pH range for nitrifying bacteria | 6.5 to 9 |
| What two elements are considered non-sterilizing agents that non-selectively kill all organisms | chlorine and bromine |
| What is the most common disinfectant agent used for sea turtles | chlorine |
| How is efficiency of chlorine determined | concentration/pH/number and type of microorganisms/contact time/amount of organic material |
| What does chlorine and water form and whats it considered | hypochlorous acid which is a form of free chlorine |
| How do chloramines form | hypochlorous acid reacts with free ammonia in the water |
| What do sea turtles produce that decrease the efficacy of chlorine | organic matter |
| What does total chlorine consist of | free and combined chlorine |
| What is used to remove chlorine and bromine from a system | sodium thiosulfate |
| What does activated carbon do and why isnt it used frequently | remove chlorine required frequent replacement of carbon filter |
| 3 types of filtration | mechanical chemical biological |
| two most common types of mechanical filtration | bead filter protein skimmer |
| When is biological filtration best placed | after mechanical filter so media doesnt have debris covering it |
| What are bio-filters used for | providing large amounts of surface area to allow nitrifying bacteria to colonize |
| Types of filters | trickle towers submerged media fluidized bed bio-reactors sand filters |
| Why are protein skimmers used | produces foam which has bubbles with a lot of surface tension |
| What are found in the bubbles of the protein skimmers' foam | proteins, AA, nitrogenous compounds |
| what do protein skimmers introduces to the LSS | ozone |
| What does the protein skimmer trap | surfactants (proteins, fats, and oils) |
| In relation to protein skimmers when are surfactants the most stable | in bubbles |
| How are bubbles created in a tank | protein skimmer pumps air into water column |
| How is the foam matrix created | bubbles with trapped surfactants rising to the top of the water column |
| The protein skimmer also is the site where what is injected | ozone |
| What happens during oxidation | chemical substance loses an electron |
| What happens during reduction | chemical substance gain an electron |
| What is stored during reduction | energy |
| What is redox and how is it measured | oxidation/reduction potential millivolts |
| what does the ORP (redox potential) measure | tendency for a solution to gain or lose electrons when a new chemical is introduced |
| A solution with a high redox potential will likely do what | gain electrons |
| A solution with a low redox potential will likely do what | lose electrons |
| How are pH and ORP related | inversely |
| When pH decreases what happens to ORP | ORP goes up |
| 1 pH degree is how many millivolts | 59 milivolts |
| colder water has a ____ ORP | higher |
| Why does ozonated water have a high ORP | availability of excess oxygen atoms which have a strong affinity for electrons |
| what is ozone used for in tanks | water clarification |
| How does ozone clarify water | oxidizes the carbon bonds of pigmented compounds, ammonia, and nitrite, controlling pathogens and decreasing turbidity |
| What does the ozone generator do | creates extremely dry air and charging the air |
| Why does the ozone generator charge the air | makes a very unstable ion that will break off to oxidize anything |
| Why is ozone added in an external chamber where the animal is not | it can oxidize animal tissues |
| How is excess ozone removed | activated carbon or de-gas towers before water returns to tank |
| how is ozone efficacy measured | ORP probes, water clarity, measuring amount of undesirable bacteria in water |
| Why shouldnt ORP be above 500 mv | it will destroy ALL organic matter |
| What is the acceptable ORP range for an aquarium | 200-500 mv |
| What is the recommended ORP range | 300-450 mv |
| Describe the system for turtle rehabs for non-euthanized turtles | stranding, STSSN, facility, recovery, release or permanent collection |
| Why are not many facilities able to take in turtles who need permanent homes | need lots of space long-lived intelligent |
| What are some of the cognitive abilities turtles have | long-term retention of visual discrimination tasks Learning through social facilitation/stimulus engagement spatial and memory capabilities similar to mammals and birds |
| What are some of the complex sensory systems turtles have | visual olfactory auditory |
| what is the simple definition of animal welfare | living a natural life, being fit and healthy and being happy |
| Why is animal welfare more difficult in reptiles than in mammals | not very expressive/ tough to get a read on emotions |
| What is a primary way welfare is assessed | objective behavioral assessments |
| Describe some of the behaviors that are wanted in behavioral assesments | diving, sleeping, foraging, cleaning, basking, interacting, migrating etc |
| What are some bad welfare indicators | aimlessly swimming repetitive behaviors excessive lethargy |
| what are some good welfare indicators | curiosity focused behavior energy/activity |
| define environmental enrichment | any technique intended to improve the well-being of a captive animal (often done by manipulating the enviornment) |
| What is the enrichment equation | enclosure capacity (C) volume and depth + static stimuli (Ss) + active stimuli (Sa) + directed stimuli (Sd) |
| What is the minimum enclosure size for a 50 cm turtle | 1000 gallons |
| What are some of the areas static stimuli can refer to | cover (full and partial) patterns colors complex shapes resting surfaces |
| What are some of the areas active stimuli can refer to | natural light cycles live animals (single or multiple taxa) other turtles movable objects extra-enclosure stimuli |
| What are some of the areas directed stimuli can refer to | problem solving persistence association tactile stimulation |
| environmental enrichment (Ss and Sa) should elicit what | wild-type behaviors |
| What should be included in a BMP (behavioral monitoring program) | ethograms continuous observations instantaneous observations |
| What is an ethogram | list of things something does |
| continuous observations definition | record of all of an animal's behaviors, and their duration for a given period of time |
| instantaneous observations definition | record of an animal's behavior at discrete moments within a given period of time |
| What are the rules for collecting BMP data | 1. agree on definitions 2. assign "covariates" that are most relevant to circumstances 3. commit to pre-determined protocol 4. create ethogram that captures most relevant behaviors and fits caregivers' routines |
| What need to be done to elevate behavioral monitoring | bloodwork, weight, wellness (W) |
| When determining recoverability and releasability: Just because something can be done.... | doesn't mean it should |
| When is stunning most likely to occur | 54 F water or lower |
| When is stranding most likely to occur | 50 F water or lower OR sustained cold |
| What season do most strandings occur in | late fall |
| What age range typically strands the most | juveniles |
| What are some circumstances that typically end up classified as an acute stranding | southern latitudes short durations lower morbidity/mortality quicker turn around |
| What are some circumstances that typically end up classified as an chronic stranding | northern latitudes (later in season) protracted colds more severe morbidity/mortality long term rehab necessary |
| What species (single or plural) are typically seen in acute cold stuns | greens |
| What species (single or plural) are typically seen in chronic cold stuns | kemps, greens, loggerheads |
| What materials are needed for initial assessment | cloacal thermometer doppler (+/- ultrasound) fluorescein, ophthalmoscope blood collection wound care emergency medical supplies |
| What should be done during the initial physical exam | temperature vitals (check for bradycardia or bradypnea) body condition trauma (predation/scavenging) nares, oral cavity, eyes comorbidities |
| What are the minimum diagnostics that must be done on a turtle after arriving | blood work |
| What bloodwork must be done | POC indices CBC, chem (only if appropriate) |
| What are the POC indices done in blood works | Glucose (+/- lactate) blood gas (electrolyte status, acid base) PCV/TS |
| Where is blood typically drawn from | dorsal cervical sinus L or R neck lateral to cervical muscle bellies |
| What hematological derangements are seen in the chemistry panel | hyper/hypoglycemia hyper/hyponatremia hyper/hypocalcemia hyper/hypokalemia Low/elevated BUN elevated UA Hypermagnesemia hyperchloremia hypoproteinemia |
| What hematological derangements are seen in the iSTAT/blood gas panel | mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis hyperlactermia hypercarbia low bicarbonate |
| What hematological derangements are seen in the CBC panel | anemia or markedly elevated PCV leukocytosis |
| What is something very common about initial bloodwork assessments | HIGHLY VARIABLE |
| What are some symptoms turtles can show and still survive | mixed metabolic/respiratory acidosis low ionized calcium high ionized magnesium low BUN |
| What are some symptoms turtles can show and have a low survival chance | higher potassium higher pCO2 lower pO2 lower pH lower bicarbonate |
| What are some additional abnormalities seen in turtles | coagulopathies elevated corticosterone low/undetectable fT4 |
| what abnormalities are seen in relation is coagulopathies | reduced clot strength prolonged clotting time |
| Why is elevated corticosterone an abnormality | above upper reference range for species implications for immunosuppression |
| Why is low/undetectable fT4 an abnormality | associated with persistent anorexia/reduced activity |
| What are the main image types used for xray | DV Cd L and R lateral |
| What is the first thing addressed during treatment plans | hypothermia |
| What does treating hypothermia involve | slow correction increase by 5F per day in core body modulation of environmental temperature |
| What is the lower limit a turtle body can be at | 55F |
| What is the target temperature for a turtle | 78F |
| What is the second thing to be addressed during treatment plans | swim trials |
| What is involved in swim trials | assess responsiveness test daily extend duration as appropriate |
| What is the order of water types (salt, fresh, brackish) that turtles are tested in | fresh, brackish, salt |
| When patients are dry docked what needs to be provided | adequate padding |
| After swim tests and correcting hypothermia, what is done next | fluid therapies, antimicrobials, supplements, feeding |
| What is fluid therapy based on | initial bloodwork to correct abnormalities |
| What are the two biotoxins not detected in turtles | anatoxins and cylindrospermopsin |
| Anatoxins produce what | neurotoxins |
| cylindrospermopsin produce what | hepatotoxin |
| What biotoxin is primarily observed in Greens | Domoic acid (neurotoxin; ASP) |
| Lyngbyatoxins is what type of toxin | dermatoxic |
| What countries/state typically see Greens with Lyngbyatoxins | Madagascar, Australia, Florida |
| Lyngbyatoxins promote what in turtles | FP (tumors) |
| Microcystins create what type of toxin | hepatoxin |
| What species and where are Microcystins seen typically | Greens in florida |
| Microcystins promote what in greens | tumors |
| Nodularins create what type of toxin | hepatotoxin |
| What species and where are Nodularins seen typically | Greens in Florida |
| Okadaic acid creates what type of toxins/problems | gastrotoxic DSP (Diarrheic shellfish poisonings) Tumor promoter |
| What species is typically seen with Okadaic acid problems and where | Greens Hawaii, FL, Brazil |
| What species were seen to be negative for Domoic acid | FL loggerheads (internal tissue) Pacific leatherbacks (plasma) |
| Lyngbyatoxins are observed in what species | Greens (internal tissue) |
| What species was seen to be negative for Okadaic acid in FL | loggerheads |
| What type of toxin are saxitoxins | neurotoxins PSP (Paralytic shellfish poisioning) |
| What species and where are saxitoxins seen | Greens in FL and Mexico Olive Ridley in El Salvador and Mexico |
| What species and where were not seen to have Saxitoxins | Loggerheads in FL |
| What dinoflagellate causes red tide | Karenia brevis |
| What does K. brevis release | neurotoxins (brevetoxins) |
| Where are red tides typically seen annually | gulf of mexico |
| Where are red tides rarely seen | east coast of FL |
| How are many turtles exposed to brevetoxins (3 ways) | 1. inhalation of aerosolized toxins 2. ingestion of water 3. ingestion of exposed prey |
| Out of the 3 ways turtles are exposed to brevetoxins, what is the most common | ingestion of exposed prey |
| What are the symptoms of brevetoxicosis | muscle twitching circling head bobbing ataxia lethargy paralysis |
| What control strategies are completely effective and acceptable for red tide | none |
| What previous therapies were used in sea turtles in relation to red tide | removal from sources of brevetoxins Diuresis/activated charcoal/fluid therapy |
| What new treatments are in development for sea turtles in relation to red tide/brevetoxins | ILE (intravenous lipid emulsion) |
| At what rate is ILE given to a sea turtle | 25 mg/kg 1 mL/min |
| How are plasma brevetoxin concentrations determined | ELISA |
| Describe FP | benign, cutaneous tumors seen on turtles' soft and hard tissues (ex: neck, flippers, plastron, carapace, eyelids, etc) |
| Can FP be internal? | yes |
| Why is FP the most important infectious disease for sea turtles | reported in all countries and oceans 50-70% of greens have FP in FL |
| What species are typically seen to have FP | All 7 species |
| What species has reached pandemic proportions of FP | Greens |
| What causes FP | ChHV5 virus Environmental triggers Host immune interference |
| Why is ChHV5 listed as a cause of FP | has been identified in all FP tumor in PCRs |
| How is it suspected that ChHV5 is transmitted | viral shedding |
| Why is ChHV5 alone not enough to cause FP | seen in healthy turtles |
| What are some examples of environmental triggers that could cause FP | Higher temperatures Pollution Eutrophication Algal blooms |
| What are some examples of Host Immune Interference that could cause FP | any form of stress immune system suppression |
| What are some examples of viral shedding to transmit ChHV5 | open water transmission (horizontal) Mother to offspring transmission (vertical) Vectors: leeches |
| The more tumors a turtles has the more ___ is in the water | ChHV5 |
| How to make a diagnosis of FP | presumptive when masses are consistent with FP appearance Biopsy and histopathology if needed PCR |
| What are some poor prognoses associated with FP | Internal tumors Intraocular tumors Higher tumor score aggressive recurrent tumors bone tumors |
| When scoring a tumor, what should also be considered | co-morbidity conditions |
| Examples of co-morbidity conditions to consider during tumor scoring | emaciation, anemia, hypoproteinemia, etc entanglement, line ingestion boat strike injuries flotation abnormalities secondary bacterial/fungal infections |
| Visceral tumors are typically identified as.... | fibromas, myxofibromas, fibrosarcoma |
| Where are internal tumors typically found | any internal organ |
| What are some tools used to diagnose internal tumors | Rads CT Laparascopy ultrasound endoscopy |
| What diagnostic will not pick up an internal tumor unless severe | Rads |
| When are CT scans used for in relation to internal tumors | lungs and bones contrast useful for kidneys/liver granulomas |
| What measurement is used for CTs | HU (hounsfield scale) |
| a larger FP tumor has a ____ HU | larger |
| Granulomas typically have a ___ HU compared to FP tumors | lower |
| Exploratory laparoscopy typically misses tumors along the... | dorsal surfaces |
| When is ultrasound used to ID FP | kidneys and liver maybe bladder |
| GI endoscopy is typically used for FP diagnosis when | Esophageal, stomach and intestinal tumors |
| When is Gi endoscopy the most impractical | early stages of the tumor |
| When should FP be treated (before or after co-morbidities) | after |
| How can FP be removed | CO2 lasers |
| What are some medical trtmnts used for FP | Antivirals chemotherapy electrochemotherapy radiation vaccines |
| are antivirals successful in treating FP | NO |
| Why is CO2 treatment of FP the gold standard | excellent hemostasis and speed prevents surgical site contamination/infection contactless incision less surgical prep time |
| What blood work should be done pre-op before using a CO2 laser | PCV, TP, Alb, uric acid |
| What pre-op blood work portion is the most important | uric acid |
| How is tumor priority determined | size, location, deteriment to patient, periocular tumor blocks vision, mobility limiting tumors, necrotic and infected tumors, heavy burdens divide into anatomic regions |
| What pre/post op pain medication is not able to be used in loggerheads | meloxicam |
| What pre/post op pain medication can be used in turtles | tramadol meloxicam ketoprofin gabapentin |
| How long are pressure wraps kept on a turtle after FP removal | 24 hrs |
| How often/how long should post-op assessments be done | Q72 hrs 2-3 weeks after surgery |
| What wound care should be done after removing FP | remove any biofilms to prevent infection debride loose caseous material Q1-2 weeks to help healing |
| How soon after FP surgery should a turtle be released | 2-3 weeks post-op |
| What are some requirements a turtle must meet to be released after FP removal | WNL bloodwork incision is fully healed no new tumors/regrowth |
| Electroporation | application of electrical pulses to cellular membranes to alter membrane permeability and subsequently induce pore formation |
| Electroporation | formation of aqueous pores in lipid bilayer initiated by penetration of water molecules into lipid bilayer |
| What is the goal of electroporation | reorientate adjacent lipids with polar heads pointing towards water molecules |
| Benefits of ECT | Expanding drug options to include hydrophilic drugs Decreasing total chemotherapeutic dose Targeting neoplastic cells over healthy cells due to their increased susceptibility of electroporation |
| Benefits of ECT in turtles | eliminates the need for surgery and general anesthesia enhanced effects of bleomycin no regrowth in pilot |
| When is systemic electrochemotherapy used | unresectable tumors tumor continues to regrow after surgery poor surgical candidates |
| What are some side effects seen from systemic electrochemotherapy | sterile heterophilic dermatisis transient self-limiting heterophilia |
| Pros of systemic electrochemotherapy | less potential exposure risk ability to treat all tumors potential for internal tumor treatment |
| Cons of systemic electrochemotherapy | potentially greater side effects potentially less effective on a tumor-by-tumor basis Limit of 1 cm^3 penetration |
| Has spontaneous tumor regression ever happened? | Yes |
| What should be used instead of general anesthesia in FP surgeries | local blocks |
| What is the sedation cocktail given by IV made out of | Dexmeditomidine ketamine butorphanol |
| What is another local block that can be used instead of the sedation cocktail | lidocaine |
| How is lidocaine given to a turtle before a FP surgery | intrathecal |
| How long does lidocaine last for | 1 hr |
| What should you use to sterilize an area for surgery if you are using a CO2 laser | chlorhexidine or betadine followed by saline |
| Why should you not use alcohol when using a CO2 laser | its flammable |
| What 5 turtles nest on FL beaches | Loggerhead Green Leatherbacks Kemps Ridley Hawksbill |
| Loggerhead egg are the size of... | ping pong balls |
| Green turtle eggs are ___ when compared to loggerheads | slightly larger |
| When are loggerheads known to lay | early spring |
| When are greens known to lay | late spring |
| leatherback eggs are ____ than greens eggs | slightly larger |
| When are leatherbacks most likely to lay | march through june |
| What can Kemp's Ridley's egg size be compared to | ping pong balls |
| When are Kemp's seen to nest | April to July |
| What turtle has the smallest egg size | Hawksbill |
| Where is the only place Hawksbills have been seen nesting in FL | Keys on "pocket beaches" |
| When is sea turtle nesting season | March through October |
| What is the SCL measurement | Straight carapace length |
| What is CCL measurement | Curved Carapce length |
| With hatchlings what is a crucial step in the rehab process | monitoring for fecal output |
| What is the sargasso sea | floating mats of sargassum |
| What does the sargasso sea do | provides structured habitat, rich food supply, predator protection, and thermal benefits |
| When is the sargasso sea useful | first few years |
| List some threats to sea turtles | coastal development artificial sky glow Water vessel strikes pollution poaching commercial fishing marine debris predators |
| Where do sea turtles grow up? | 5 massive gyres in the ocean that are created by the currents |
| Why are gyres important | hatchlings swim to these currents to live/feed there for the first couple years |
| What are currently happening in these gyres | garbage is building up |
| Why is the garbage in these gyres bad | hatchlings will ingest the garbage and die |
| When rescuing a sea turtle hatchling what are the things you need to do | place hatchling in a bucket with moist sand DO NOT ADD WATER keep in shade bring hatchling to drop off location |
| Is a sea turtle stranding report necessary for hatchlings | no |
| After taking a hatchling out of a drop-off cooler (staff only) what should immediately be done | evaluate all abnormalities with an exam and swim test |
| If a hatchling cannot swim. cannot, crawl, has no eyes or cannot open its mouth what is the most likely scenario | euthanasia |
| hatchlings that die naturally or are euthanized are sometimes preserved for | permitted research |
| When dropping off a washback what are some things that should be added to the label | organization name species Notch-tip measurement location (GPS and full address) |
| After completing the washback label, what is the next step | text the photo of the washback next to the label to the listed number |
| What are some examples of congenital disorders | defects of the limbs pigmentation disorders conjoined twins |
| When are hatchlings needed to be brought to rehab | injured failed to release abnormalities |
| Why is a wet towel needed when dry-docking a turtle | prevent its skin from drying out |
| When do hatchlings have a higher success rate of recovery and passing any fecal/plastic | when they are kept hydrated with SQ fluids |
| What is the best rate for the SQ fluids to help hatchlings pass fecal/plastic and for how long | 10-20 ml/kg every day for at least 1 week |
| Why should heat lamps be tested before use on an animal | ensure conditions are as similar to what they would experience in the wild as possible |
| When should a hatchling be dry-docked | if it is struggling to swim |
| What should the water chemistry be like for a tank housing a hatchling | should match the ocean water where they would live naturally between 32-36 ppt |
| what should the water temperature be like for tank housing a hatchling | 72-86 F match water temperature to where they will be released at |
| What temperature should the water for a leatherback hatchling be at and why | 69-74 F control bacteria growth |
| Artificial light for a tank should be at a range of | 290-320 nm |
| How long should the photoperiod be if using artificial lighting | natural sunrise to sunset cycle |
| How are hatchlings separated after intake (how many groups roughly) | 2-4 groups roughly based on eating and health |
| What group of hatchlings is always going to be on the far left | strongest, aggressive eaters |
| What group of hatchlings is always going to be on the center left | stronger, eating well |
| What group of hatchlings is always going to be on the far right | injured, weak- resting on hammock |
| What group of hatchlings is always going to be on the center right | strong, eating a little |
| For both left categories and center right, how after are they fed | 2x daily, one in morning and one at night |
| How often is the far right group fed | 1x daily |
| Why should gloves be worn when handling a leatherback juvenile | susceptible to different skin infections |
| With what material should leatherback juveniles be washed with and what should be avoided | bedadine avoid eyes |
| After cleaning your juvenile what should be done | tether turtle to center of tank using Velcro, PCV, fishing gear |
| Why should a leatherback juvenile be tethered to the center of your tank | prevent it from banging against the side of the tank |
| What fluid is preferred for hatchlings | LRS |
| Where are fluids administered for a hatchling | SQ through shoulder |
| What needle gauge is used for hatchlings | 27 g |
| How many ccs of LRS are given to a hatchling | 0.5 cc |
| How many ccs of LRS are given to a post- hatchling | 1.0 cc |
| How many ccs of LRS are given to a small juvenile (10-15 cm) | 2.0 cc |
| How many ccs of LRS are given to a large juvenile (over 15 cm) | calculate by weight |
| What are hatchlings and washbacks fed | krill, fish, gruel, veggies and gel |
| How much gruel is a hatchling or washback fed initially (after determined by a vet) | less than 0.5% of body weight |
| How much is the max amount of gruel a hatchling or washback could receive | 3% of body weight |
| Where are hatchlings and washbacks released | in a patch of sargassum seaweed (3-15 mi offshore in gulf) |
| The enrichment equation affects what score | wellness score (W) |
| Write out the enrichment equation in relation to the wellness score | W = C (v/scl + d/scl) + Sd+Ss+Sa |
Created by:
Kayla_K