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Chapter 12
Terms and Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legally Blind | A person is considered legally blind if their visual acuity is 20/200 or less in the better eye with correction |
| Low vision | having visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 in the better eye with correction |
| Braille | a system of raised dots by which people who are blind read with their fingertips |
| Cornea | a transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil |
| aqueous humor | a watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye |
| Pupil | the contractile opening in the middle of the iris |
| iris | the colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands, depending on the amount of light striking it |
| lens | refines and changes the focus of the light rays before they pass through the vitreous humor |
| vitreous humor | a transparent gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and lens |
| retina | the back portion of the eye, containing nerve fibers connected to the optic nerve |
| optic nerve | carries the information back to the brain |
| Visual acuity | to the clarity or sharpness of vision |
| Snellen chart | a tool used to measure visual acuity |
| Functional vision assessment | a process used to evaluate how well a student with visual impairments uses their vision in everyday settings |
| refraction | the bending of the light rays as they pass through the various structures of the eye |
| Myopia | nearsightedness |
| hyperopia | farsightedness |
| astigmatism | blurred vision |
| Glaucoma | a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve |
| Cataracts | a clouding of the lens of the eye, which results in blurred vision |
| diabetic retinopathy | a condition that results from interference with the blood supply to the retina. |
| Cortical visual impairment | damage or dysfunction in the parts of the brain responsible for vision |
| retinopathy of prematurity | a condition that affects premature infants, leading to abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye |
| optic nerve hypoplasia | a condition characterized by the underdevelopment of the optic nerve |
| Retinitis pigmentosa | a hereditary condition that results in degeneration of the retina |
| tunnel vision | field of vision to narrow |
| night blindness | ability to see in low light |
| Strabismus | a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward (crossed eyes) or outward |
| Nystagmus | a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes occur, usually resulting in dizziness and nausea |
| Orientation and mobility | the ability to have a sense of where one is in relation to other people, objects, and landmarks (orientation) and to move through the environment (mobility) |
| cognitive mapping | the ability to integrate the relative position of various points in the spatial environment to navigate it more efficiently |
| obstacle sense | a skill possessed by some people who are blind, allowing them to detect the presence of obstacles in their environment |
| echolocation | the ability to detect objects in the environment by auditory echoes (sound waves) created, for example, by footsteps, tapping a cane, or even clicking one’s tongue |
| phonological awareness | the understanding of the sound structure of language |
| Expanded Core Curriculum | a recognition that students with blindness or low vision need more than the usual core academic curriculum for sighted students, which focuses on reading, math, science, social studies, and so on |
| Unified English Braille | a standardized braille code developed to unify various braille codes used for different purposes, such as math, music, and computers |
| Perkins Brailler | a mechanical device used to write braille, making it accessible for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. |
| slate and stylus | traditional tools used for writing braille, offering a portable and cost-effective method for individuals who are blind or visually impaired |
| Braille bills | legislative measures aimed at ensuring the availability and proficiency of braille instruction for students who are blind or visually impaired |
| Large-print books | one of the visual methods used to aid children with visual impairments in reading print |
| Magnifying devices | essential tools for individuals with visual impairments, helping them read and perform other visual tasks more effectively |
| Long cane | a crucial mobility aid for individuals with visual impairments, helping them navigate their environment safely and independently. |
| Tactile maps | essential tools for individuals with visual impairments, aiding in their orientation and mobility (O&M) by providing spatial information through touch. |
| Braille notetakers | portable devices designed to assist individuals with visual impairments in reading, writing, and managing information |
| NFB-Newsline | a free service provided by the National Federation of the Blind. It allows individuals to access a wide range of magazines and newspapers 24 hours a day using any touch-tone telephone. |
| Descriptive Video Service | a narrated description of key visual features of programs on television |
| Screen readers | software programs designed to assist individuals with visual impairments by converting text displayed on a computer screen into synthesized speech or braille. |
| Itinerant teacher service | a model where a specialized vision teacher travels to multiple schools to provide support to students with visual impairments within their general education classrooms. |
| Curriculum-based measurement | an effective method for measuring the academic progress of students with visual impairments |
| Accessible pedestrian signals alert | are devices that help people who are blind or visually impaired know when it is safe to cross an intersection. |
Created by:
giselleusc