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Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an erythrocyte? | Red blood cell |
| What is a Leucocyte? | White blood cell |
| What is a Lymphocyte? | A type of leucocyte involved in the immune response |
| What are Thrombocytes? | Platelets involved in blood clotting |
| What are Hepacytes? | Liver cells |
| What are Oocytes? | Egg cells |
| What are Phagocytes? | A type of leucyte which engulfs and destroys pathogens |
| What is a Melanocyte? | A skin cell containing melanin pigment |
| What is the function of the cell surface membrane? | A thin flexible phospholipid bilayer that has proteins and cholesterol embedded which controls the entry and exit of materials that are found around cells and organelles |
| What is the function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells? | A freely permeable ridgid structure made from cellulose that is found outside the plasma membrane and protects the cells contents and can contain plasmodesmata that links cells |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | A double membraned organelle that contains DNA associated with histones which forms chromatin and coordinates the functions of the cell |
| What is the function of the chloroplast? | It is the site of photosynthesis and contains 70s ribosomes and has folded stroma called thylakoids which form stacks called grana |
| What is the function of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells? | A double membraned organelle that is the site of ATP production and the site of aerobic respiration that has a gel called the matrix |
| What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | A network of membranes called cisternae studded with ribosomes that carries out the synthesis of ribosomes in its lumen to be packaged into transport vesicles |
| What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | A tubular network of membranes called cisternae with no ribosomes that synthesisies lipids and carbohydrates in its lumen |
| What is the function of the ribosome in eukaryotic cells? | An organelle made of protein and RNA with no membrane which is the site of protein synthesis they are 80s when they are not found in mitochonrions or chloroplasts |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | A collection of flattened sacs called cisternae which modify proteins and produces secretory vesicles |
| What is the function for the cytoskeleton? | A network of protein fibres that stabilse the cell and allows for organelles to move in the cell |
| What is the function of the lysosome? | An organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes to degrade waste products to be reused |
| What is the function of microvilli? | Increases the surface area and are used to increase diffusion rates |
| What is the function of the cillia and flagella? | Hair/whip like structures that are used for movement such as moving mucus or swimming |
| What is the function for the vacuole? | A permanent structure in plant cells that stores water, ions and cell materials, provides support and is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast |
| What is the function of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells? | The site of reaction that doesn't occur in an organelle between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope that suspends organelles in the gel-like cytosol. |
| What is the function of the vesicle? | Small hollow spheres of membrane that are used to transport substances around the cell between organisms or out of the cell by exocytosis |
| What is the function of the centriole? | A tube that is made of microtubles, two make up the centrosome and is involved in the assembly and organisation for the spindle fibres during cell division |
| What are the names of the three parts of the cytoskeleton? | Actin/micro filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
| What is the function of the cisternae? | To package proteins into transport vesicles |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | A network of protein that stabilises the cell and allows movements of organelles |
| What is the microtubule? | Temporary thick pipe-like structure that runs throught the cell that moves organelles inside and outside cells. |
| What are actin/micro fillaments? | The organelle that runs just under the cell surface membrane and separates the cell during mitosis and changes the shape of the cell to move it |
| What are intermediate fillaments? | The organelle that scatters in all direction throughout the cell to hold organelles in place and stabilse the cell |
| What is the function of the prokaryotic cytoplasm? | Thet organelle that contains all the enzmes needed for metabolic reactions since there are no membrane bound organelles |
| What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes? | 70s |
| What is the function of the chromosome loop? | A circular form of genetic information that is not associated with histones so chromatin is not formed |
| What is the function of the plasmid? | Small cirlces of DNA used to exchange genetic information between bacterial cells |
| What is the function of the mesosome? | A tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane bound proteins for aerobic respiration and ATP production |
| What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of? | Murein, which is a glycoprotein, not cellulose |
| What is the function of the slimy capsule? | A thick polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall that is used to stick cells together as a food reserve and for protection against desiccation and chemicals and phagocytosis |
| What is the function of the pili? | Protein rods that is used for cell to cell attatchment for DNA transfer |
| What is the function of the flagellum? | A rigid, rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion which no microtubules. |
| What is magnification? | How much bigger the sample appears to be under the microscope than it is in real life |
| What is resolution? | The ability to distinguish between two points on an image |
| What are the two types of microscope? | Light and electron |
| What are the two types of electrons microscope? | Transmission and scanning |
| How is the flow of electrons changed in a TEM? | Magnets |
| How do the electrons travel in a TEM? | They travel through the specimen |
| How do the electrons travel in a SEM? | They bounce of the surface of the specimen |
| What is a eukaryotic cell? | A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| What is a pokaryotic cell? | Cells without a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| What is an organelle? | A subcellular structure with a specialised function |
| What is the fungi cell wall made from? | Chitin |
| What is the difference between the cisface and transface of the golgi apparatus? | The cisface faces the RER and the transface faces the other side |
| What is the function and structure of the nuclear envelope? | A double membrane layer containing holes called nuclear pores that surrounds the nucleus, which continues around the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and allows the exit of molecules from the nucleus |
| What is the function and structure of the nucleolus? | A dark staining region that the nucleus that is not membrane bound and contains a high density of nucleic acids and is the site of ribosome production |
| What is the function and structure of an amyloplast? | A membrane bound sac that contains starch and acts as a starch store for plants |
| What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells? | Unicellular |
| What type of organisms are eukaryotic cells? | Uni or multicellular |
| What form of DNA do prokaryotes have? | Circular DNA |
| What form of DNA do eukaryotes have? | Linear DNA |
| What protein is eukaryotic DNA associated with? | histones |
| Where are extra chromasonal DNA found in prokaryotes? | Plasmids |
| Where are extra chromasonal DNA found in eukaryotes? | Chloroplasts and mitochondia |
| What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes? | Murien |
| What is the cell wall made of in eukaryotes? | Cellulose or chitin |
| What type of reproduction do prokaryotes carry out? | Binary fission |
| What type of reproduction do eukaryotes carry out? | Asexual or sexual |
| How is an image produced in a TEM? | A beam of electrons passes through the specimen and is despersed by the structure there. The scattered electrons are then captured on a photographic plate. |
| How is an image produced in a SEM? | The specimen is coated in a very thin layer of metal and a beam of electrons is bounced off the surface onto a photographic plate to allow a 3D image to form. |
| What colour background will a SEM image have? | Black |
| What colour background will a TEM/light have? | white |
| What is the order of highest water potential to lowest in cortex cell solution, endodermal cell solution, root hair cell solution | Root hair cell solution - cortex cell solution - endodermal cell solution |
| Why is a stem cut under water before being attached to the potometer? | To stop air entering the xylem cells |
| How will a tree die if the xylems are exposed? | The roots will be deprived of nutrients because the phloem tubes will have been removed |
| By what process are hydrogen ions moved out of companion cells? | Active transport |
| By what process are hydrogen ions and sucrose molecules moved into the companion cells? | Facilitated diffusion |
| By what process are sucrose molecules moved into the seive tube element? | Diffusion |
| The apoplast pathway includes... | Cell wall but not cytoplasm |
| What changes in the water potential in the phloem what carbohydrate is moved into a sink? | It lowers |
| What changes in the volume of liquid in the phloem when carbohydrate is moved into a sink? | Increases |
| Where is the casparian strip found? | Endodermal cells |
| What 3 things contribute to the movement of water up the stem of a plant? | Capillarity, root pressure, cohesion tension |
| What is the main carbohydrate found in phloem sieve cells? | Sucrose |
| What is not a characteristic in the leaves of xerophytes? | Broad leaves |
| What 3 things are a characteristic in the leaves of xerophytes | Sunked stomata, thick waxy cuticle and hair leaves |
| What is the process of the movement of sucrose from a leaf cell to the phloem | Active transport of sucrose |
Created by:
Golbs_Helmet