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Stack #4657891
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematocrit | blood test that find the % of rbc/erythrocytes |
| Erythropoietin | main hormone of rbc |
| Erythropoietin | comes from kidney |
| Erythropoietin | reverse low rbc levels, low hemoglobin, low 02 levels, disruption flow to kidney, and hemorrhage (decrease of blood) |
| RBC | consume ATP but don't have mitochondria |
| High blood viscosity | thicker blood |
| High RBC | High hematocrit |
| Water | 95% in plasma |
| Plasma | dissolved substances |
| Plasma proteins | albumins, globulin, and fibrinogen |
| Albumins | major contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood (helps fluid in the blood) |
| Globulin | transport iron, lipids, & fat-soluble vit B; immune function (antibodies) |
| fibrinogen | least abundant plasma protein & essential for blood clothing; make mesh that the iron will sit on |
| Granular Leukocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophil, & Basophill |
| Neutrophil | high count - infection/inflammation (bacteria triggered) |
| Neutrophil | low count - drug toxicity & etc. (suscebility to infection) |
| Eosinophil | contain antihistamine that counteract allergies & inflammation |
| Basophil | release histamine (chemical messenger) that vasodilate which increase BP |
| Basophil | secrete heparin |
| Basophil | dilute blood to enhance circulation which gives more access to WBC |
| Lymphocytes | big nucleus for immune function; contain NK , B, & T cells |
| Anucleate Leukocytes | Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| Monocytes | largest WBC & phagotic |
| Monocytes | turn to macrophages when leaving the bloodstream to the tissues (lungs, intestines, kidney) |
| Hemocytoblast (multipotent hematopoietic stem cell) | mother cell of blood cells; all originate from red bone marrow |
| Hemoglobin | Pigment heme group, Protein globin, & Fe++ iron ion |
| Pigment heme group | amino acid (protein) that get discard in the liver to turn to bilirubin and the rest to large intestines to be converted by the intestinal bacteria |
| Stemoclobin | responsible for feces color |
| Pigment heme group | toxic outside hemoglobin since it wanna attract other ions to generate radical to attack system |
| Fe++ iron ion | bind to O2 and get recycle to be reused in new rbcs |
| Protein globin | 4 identical structures and get reused in new rbcs |
| Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) | binds to oxygen |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | reduced hemoglobin |
| Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) | 23-24% CO binds to Hb through amino acids |
| Leukemia | cancer involving abundance of WBC; umbrella of cancers |
| chronic leukemia | mature leukocytes accumulate & fail to die |
| Antigen | identifier (A,B, Rh/D) |
| Non-self antigens | get attacked by the antibodies |
| AB+ | universal recipient |
| O- | universal donor |
| Hemolytic dzs of the Newborn (HDN) | antibodies from mom attack baby's rbc inside baby's body in 2nd pregancy via placentra |
| Sensitization | wrong blood transfusion |
| Hemolytic dzs of the Newborn (HDN) | preventable via shot (blind the antibodies) |
| Anemia | from low Fe+ or low O2 or low of RBC/hemoglbin which lowers ability for blood deliver |
| Sickle cell anemia | genetic disorder of faulty/low rbc production |
| Polycythemia | thick blood which increase blood rbc count |
| Polycythemia | caused from dehydration, edema (water leakage out of blood) or kidney problems |
| Polycythemia | increase hematocrit and lowered O2 levels |
| Neutrophil | most common wbc, 50-70%, multi-lobed (2-5) |
| Eosinophil | 2-4% in wbc, multilobed (2-3), looks like headphones, |
| Eosinophil | attack parasitic worms |
| Basophil | less than 1% in wbc, bilobed |
| Basophil | most granulated and intensify inflammatory response |
| Monocytes | hose shoe-shaped nucleus or u-shaped & in 2-8% in wbc |
| Monocytes | in liver, lungs, lymph node, intestines, & etc. |
| Tunica externa | CT for protection |
| Tunica media | smooth muscles |
| Tunica interna | epithelial lining |
| Phagocytes | neutrophil, eosinophil, & monocytes |
| Heart | in thoracic cavbity/mediastinum (between the lungs) |
| Pulmonary circulation | short & low pressure |
| systemic circulation | high pressure & friction |
| Heart coverings in pericardium (pericardial sac) | outer fibrous & inner serous pericardium |
| Outer fibrous pericardium | dense ct for protection and maintain its position in the thorax |
| Inner serous pericardium | parietal & visceral (epicardium) pericardium |
| parietal pericardium | fused to the fibrous p.c. (outer layer) |
| pericardial cavity | filled w/ lubricating serous fluid; between epi- & pericardium |
| visceral pericardium (epicardium) | fused to the heart |
| heart layers | epicardium, myocardium, & endocardium |
| Myocardium | blood pump via heart and into major arteries |
| Myocardium | LV is significantly thicker than RV |
| Coronary circulation | small for blood delivery to cardiac muscles cells & other part of the heart; not continuous rather it cycles |
| peak coronary circulation | heart relaxes |
| coronary circulation nearly ceases | heart contracts |
| left coronary artery | branches to circumflex artery (to marginal arteries) & anterior interventricular artery |
| right coronary artery | branches to marginal arteries (superficial of RV) and posterior interventricular artery (septum& portions of both ventricles) |
| Great cardiac vein | follows the interventricular sulcus |
| Great cardiac vein | drains the areas supplied by the anterior interventricular artery |
| Coronary sinus | large vein that receive blood from most cardiac veins and empties it to RA |
| Cardiac vein | collect o2- from myocardium & drain the heart |
| Coronary circulation disorders | atherosclerosis & ischemia |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of arteries from plaque (cholesterol, c.t., wbc, & smooth muscle cells) |
| Ischemia | restricted blood flow which can lead to hypoxia and MI |
| Hypoxia | insufficient # of O2 to cells |
| great cardiac vein transport | middle cardiac vein, posterior cardiac vein, coronary sinus, & R& A |
| small cardiac vein transport | directly to RA |
| Coronary circulation | how blood goes to heat muscles |
| SA node | superior & posterior wall of RA |
| AV node | inferior part of RA |
| AV bundle branches/ bundle of his | upper interventricular septum; connect atria & ventrcile |
| left and right bundle branches | along the septum & separate heart lower chambers; carry the signal toward the apex |
| purkinje fibers | extend through the myocardium from apex to septum & base |
| SA node | initate sinus rhytym (p wave) |
| AV node | PR interval |
| AV bundle (bundle of his) | QRS complex |
| bundle branches | st wave |
| purkinje fibers | s wave |
| bradycardia | <60 bpm |
| tachycardia | >100 bpm |
| atrium | receiving chambers |
| ventricles | pumping chambers |
| S1 heart sound | "lub" closing of AV valves (ventricular contraction) |
| S2 heart sound | "dub" closing of SL valves (ventricular filling) |
| heart ap | rapid depolarization, plateau phase, & repolarization |
| plateau phase | MP decline relatively slow |
| Cardiac output (CO) | measure # of blood pumped by each ventricle in a min |
| Cardiac output (CO) | HR * Stroke volume (SV) |
| Cardiac output (CO) | normal value: 5.25L/min |
| CO HR factors | autonomic innervation, age, hormones, & fitness levels |
| CO SV factors | doesn't change as much; heart size, contractility, fitness levels, contraction duration, gender, preload (EDV), and afterload (resistance) |
| Isovolumic relaxation | AV valves closed and no enough pressure to open SL valves (both valves are closed) |
| Ventricular filling | atria & ventricle in diastole, p wave occurs, bp from atria open al valves to ventricles |
| Ventricular systole A | Atria in diastole/almost empty & ventricle depolarized; Isovolumetric contraction phase that both valves r still closed |
| Ventricular systole B | Depolarization to open SL valves (ejection phase: blood leave ventricles); bp increase to open SL valves |
| Heart valve disorder/ valvular dzs | incompetent (doesn't function properly) valves; range from benign to lethal |
| Prolapsed valve | one of the cusps of valve is forced backward by blood force |
| Stenosis | heart valves become rigid & may calcify over time |
| End systolic volume (ESV) | remaining blood in the ventricle |
| AV node | delay the progress of AP since it has fewer Na+/K+ gates |
| Pons | control cardiovascular & respiratory |
| Medulla oblangata | centralized nervous control over HR |
| Sympathetic innervation | increase HR & stimulate SA, AV, & Purkinje fibers |
| Damage to Sympathetic innerv. of the heart | HR will still happen but it can't increase HR, and person will tire easily |
| Vagus nerve (parasympathetics) | main mechanism is to decrease HR |
| Vagus nerve (parasympathetics) | stimulate SA & AV |
| Damage to vagus nerve | heart won't relate, & it's pump day and night, hr wont decrease |
| Autonomic innervation | parasympathethic and sympathethic both stimulate heart to contribute; normally, vagal stimulation predominates (if left unregulated, SA node would initiate a sinus rhythm of approx. 100 bpm) |
| Plateau | steady depolarized mp for longer contraction (squeezing & holding the blood in ventricles) |
| Plateau | slow Ca++ channels opening |
| Refractory peeriod | refrain from double contracting |
| Contractile muscle fiber | AP last 200 ms instead of 1-2 ms |
| Contractile muscle fiber | contraction last +200 ms |
| Contractile muscle fiber function | ensure efficient blood ejection and longer refractory period to prevent tetanic contractions |
| PR interval | Atrial depolarization & Ventricular depolarization; reflects delay @ AV node |
| ST interval | Ventricular depolarization & rep. |
| PQ segment | AV node hold/delay signal |
| RT segment | plateau/ electrical signal pause |
| 1 ecg | doesn't = 1 ap |
| 1 ecg | = 1 hb |
| Capillary beds | mix of veins & arteries, include fat cells where rbc diffuse |
| Prehypertension | 120-80 to 140/90 mmHg |
| Hemorrhage | can be external/internal (car crash - circulatory shock (cardiogenic due to heart and vascular from bv)) |
| Blood pressure | always moving from high to low bp; in capillaries: 25-35 mmHg (if it exceed, it explodes) |
| Smooth muscle contraction | vein squeezes |
| Inhalation | lungs deflate leading to decrease bp, air moving toward lungs, and blood draining into heart |
| Gastric vein | from stomach |
| Hepatic portal vein | drain from gastric, mesentric, pancreatic & splenic veins to liver, hepatic vein, then IVC |
| Superior & inferior mesentric veins | drain from intestines |
| Liver | area where all digestive organs' veins drains to for filtering toxins/substances for putting in the IVC |
| Liver | filter hemoglobin |
| Tunica externa | thickest in vein so it doesn't move a lot |
| Tunica media | thickest in artery to make it very easy for elasticity and vasoconstriction |
| Tunica intima | for smooth surface for blood |
| Foramen ovale | opens the ra to la |
| ductus arteriosus | connect pulmonary artery and aorta |
| celiac trunk | above superior mesenteric artery & supplies foregut |
| Antibodies | responsible for blood typing |
| Agglutination | individual w/ blood type a receives blood from a donor with blood type b |
| HDN susceptible | negative rh mom with positive rh baby |
| Pulmonary circulation | exchange of O2 & CO2 in the lungs |
| Visceral pericardium (epicardium) | cover the heart surface |
| Pericardial sac/cavity | between parietal & visceral (epicardium) pericardium |
| Coronary arteries | supply heart muscle w/ O2 & nutrients |
| QT interval | ventricular dep & rep |
| Atrial systole | Ventricle depolarize (AV valves are open) and Atrium contract |
| Left coronary artery | supplies interventricular septum & anterior ventricular walls |
| Right coronary artery | supplies RA & most RV |
| Cardiac veins | collect blood from capillary beds |
| Coronary sinus | empties into R.A. |
| Anterior cardiac veins | empty directly into RA anteriorly |
| Ventricular filling | blood flows most passively through the atria & open AV valves into the ventricles |
| + in blood viscosity | + peripheral resistance |
| Systolic pressure | pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction |
| Vascular shock | normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme |
| Hypovolemic shock | due to large-scale blood loss |
| Cardiogenic shock | due to inefficient heart can't sustain adequate circulation |
| Primary hypertension | no identifiable cause |
| Secondary hypertension | caused by kidney disease |
| Distributive (septic) shock | blood vessels dilate |
| Obstructive shock | blockage affecting blood flow |
| Compliance | vessel's ability to respond to an + in bp by either swelling to increase blood volume or decrease bp to decrease bv |
| venous pumps | respiratory & skeletal muscle pumps to maintain bp |
| Placenta | main gas exchange in fetal circulation |
| Hematopoiesis | formation of new blood cells |
| Myeloid & Lymphoid tissue | make blood cells |
| Myeloid tissue | red bone marrow |
| Iron & amino acids | components of old rbc that gets recycled |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | measure #/levels of many blood constituents & often ordered as part of the physical examination |
| Buffy coat | WBC and platelets |
| Hematocrit test | Packed-cell volume test |
| Hemoglobin | play a key role in maintain acid-base balance |
| Hemoglobin | vital in transport and exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and body's cells |
| Hemoglobin | 4 folded polypeptide chains (2 alpha and two beta chains) |
| Vit B | needed by the red bone marrow to manufacture enough for hemoglobin to maintain survival |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | transport 20% of CO2 produced as a waste product to the lungs for disposal externally |
| Anemia | deficiency of normal hemoglobin |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | decrease of RBCs caused by hemorrhage resulting from accidents or bleeding ulcers |
| Aplastic anemia | reduction in RBC following destructing of the blood-forming elements in bone marrow |
| Aplastic anemia | related to exposure to certain toxin, high-dose irradiation (x-rays), drugs, & chemotherapy agents |
| Pernicious anemia | deficiency of RBCs from failure of stomach lining production (intrinsic factor) |
| Intrinsic factor | substance that allows vit B to be absorbed from the foods we eat |
| Decrease of intrinsic factor | decrease of red cell numbers even if vit b12 is present |
| Sickle cell anemia | limited # of abnormal type of hemoglobin (HbS); produces amino acid substitution causing the resulting HbS to be less stable and soluble than normal hemoglobin. |
| Sickle cell anemia | defective hemoglobin forms crystals & causes red cell to be fragile and assume a sickle shape when blood O2 level is low. |
| Sickle cell anemia | feel 'so tired all the time' from less hemoglobin, slower use of nutrients, less energy produced, and decreased cellular functions. |
| Polycythemia | can result in a stroke or heart attack |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | type of hemolytic anemia caused by the mother's Rh antibodies to react with the baby's Rh-positive cells |
| RhoGAM | an immunoglobulin (antibody) serum that stops the mother's body from forming anti-Rh antibodies and prevent possibilities of harm to the next Rh+ offspring |
| Leukopenia | abnormally low WBC count |
| Leukopenia | caused by AIDS |
| Leukocytosis | abnormally high WBC count; more common and almost always accompanies bacterial infections |
| Heparin | helps prevent blood from clotting as it flows through the blood vessels of the body |
| Blood clotting | plugs up a torn and stops bleeding for further fatality |
| Thrombocytes "thrombus" | clot |
| Hemostasis | prevent bleeding when an injury occurs in the formation of a blood clot |
| Plasma | liquid part of the blood; makes up 55% |
| serum | plasma w/o the clotting factors |
| B lymphocytes | produce antibodies to fight microbes |
| Vit K | stimulates liver to increase prothrombin production |
| Thrombus | unneeded blood clot that stays in the place where it was formed |
| Embolis | part of blood is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream |
| Sickle cell anemia | limited # of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) |
| Acidosis | blood pH decrease blow 7.35 and 7.45 toward neutral |
| Capillary beds | exchange of nutrients and gases occus between the blood and tissue fluid around the cells |
| Hepatic portal circulation | rout of blood flow to and through the liver |
| ductus venous | allow most of the blood return from the placenta to bypass the immature liver & empty directly into the IVC |
| Hemorrhage | loss of blood which decrease bp |
| arterial blood volume | determined by how much blood pumped into the arteries and how much blood the arterioles drain out of the, |
| Viscosity of blood | thickness of blood |
| Peripheral resistance | any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel |
| low peripheral resistance (pr) | low when muscles are relaxed leading to low bp |
| Central venous pressure | "low end" of the pressure gradient needed to drive blood flow all the way back to the heart |
| Central venous pressure | low as blood enters & leaves if heart beats strongly |
| Central venous pressure | increase when heart weakens & the flow of blood into RA is slowed |
| Venous blood moving mechanisms | heartbeat continuing, adequate bp in the arteries, venous valves, skeletal muscle contraction (squeeze veins), and changing pressure in the chest cavity |
| Pulse | artery expanding and then recoiling alternately |
Created by:
FuirzH