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Exam 1 Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the theory of spontaneous generation? - | The theory that life can arise from nonliving matter. |
| What experiment did Francesco Redi conduct to challenge spontaneous generation? - | He used meat jars to demonstrate that maggots are the offspring of flies rather than products of spontaneous generation. |
| How did Louis Pasteur definitively refute spontaneous generation? - | He used swan-neck flasks that allowed air in but trapped spores, showing that boiled broth remained uncontaminated unless exposed to outside particles. |
| Who first coined the term 'cell' after observing cork? - | Robert Hooke. |
| What are the two main tenets of modern cell theory? - | All cells come from other cells (biogenesis) and cells are the fundamental units of organisms. |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? - | The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells living within a eukaryotic host. |
| What was Ignaz Semmelweis's contribution to the germ theory of disease? - | He proposed that handwashing by physicians could significantly reduce 'childbed fever' in maternity wards. |
| Why is John Snow considered the 'father of epidemiology'? - | He tracked a cholera outbreak in London to a contaminated water source. |
| What are Koch's postulates? - | A series of criteria used to attribute a specific disease to a specific causative microbe. |
| What aseptic technique did Joseph Lister introduce to surgery? - | The use of carbolic acid (phenol) to disinfect hands and the air before surgery. |
| What are the four structures found in all bacterial cells? - | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and chromosome(s). |
| What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? - | Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod), and helical/spiral. |
| How do spirilla differ from spirochetes? - | Spirilla are helical-shaped, while spirochetes are corkscrew-shaped and move via axial filaments. |
| What is the nucleoid region in a prokaryotic cell? - | A condensed area containing the cell's circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome. |
| What are plasmids in bacteria? - | Small, circular, non-essential DNA molecules that may encode traits like antibiotic resistance. |
| What is the primary function of ribosomes? - | Protein synthesis. |
| What are bacterial inclusions? - | Intracellular nutrient storage bodies used when environmental resources are depleted. |
| What is an endospore? - | A dormant, highly resistant cell form produced by some bacteria to survive adverse environmental conditions. |
| What is the difference between a vegetative cell and an endospore? - | A vegetative cell is metabolically active and growing, while an endospore is a dormant, survival-oriented state. |
| What is the arrangement of 'staphylococci'? - | Clusters of spherical (cocci) bacteria. |
| What is the arrangement of 'streptobacilli'? - | Chains of rod-shaped (bacilli) bacteria. |
| What is the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria? - | It acts as a surface coating for protection and attachment. |
| What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes? - | They differ in size. |
| Which scientists are credited with the principle that all cells arise from cells? - | Rudolph Virchow and Robert Remak. |
| What is the function of gas vesicles in some aquatic bacteria? - | They provide buoyancy for floating. |
| What is the process of forming an endospore called? - | Sporulation |
| What is the process by which an endospore returns to vegetative growth? - | Germination |
| What method is used to destroy endospores? - | Autoclaving with pressurized steam at 120 degrees Celsius for 20-30 minutes |
| What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall? - | Peptidoglycan |
| How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls differ in structure? - | Gram-positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide |
| What is the function of the bacterial glycocalyx? - | Protection from dehydration, nutrient loss, and phagocytosis |
| What is the primary function of fimbriae? - | Adhesion to other cells and surfaces |
| What is the function of a sex pilus? - | To facilitate the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells during conjugation |
| What are biofilms? - | Complex masses of microbes forming thick, living layers on surfaces |
| What are the three main parts of a bacterial flagellum? - | Filament, hook, and basal body |
| What is chemotaxis? - | The movement of bacteria in response to chemical stimuli |
| What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells? - | rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly |
| What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum? - | Rough ER is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesis and detoxification |
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? - | Modifying, storing, and packaging proteins |
| What organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down food or damaged organelles? - | Lysosome |
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? - | Providing a flexible framework for movement, transport, and structural support |
| What is the primary function of chloroplasts? - | Converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| What substance provides stability to the eukaryotic plasma membrane? - | Sterols |
| What are the three variations of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells? - | Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| What is the main component of fungal cell walls? - | Chitin |
| How do cilia differ from flagella in eukaryotic cells? - | Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella |
| What is the difference between active and passive transport? - | Active transport requires energy to move against a concentration gradient; passive transport does not require energy |
| What is the function of the extracellular matrix in cells lacking a cell wall? - | Protection from physical stress and transmission of signals |
| What is the result of clockwise flagellar rotation in bacteria? - | Tumbling |
| What is the result of counterclockwise flagellar rotation in bacteria? - | A smooth, linear run |
| Which bacterial genus is known for having a waxy mycolic acid cell wall? - | Mycobacterium |
| What is the primary function of mitochondria? - | Energy production through the creation of ATP |
| What is microbiology? - | A specialized area of biology that deals with tiny life forms called microbes or microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
| What does it mean that microbes are ubiquitous? - | They are found nearly everywhere on Earth. |
| How is evolution defined in the context of microorganisms? - | The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment over time. |
| What are some examples of fermented foods humans have historically produced using microbes? - | Beer, bread, cheese, and wine. |
| How did ancient civilizations attempt to reduce the spread of disease before the invention of the microscope? - | By practicing quarantine. |
| What was the purpose of the Cloaca Maxima in ancient Rome? - | It was an engineering marvel that carried waste away from the city and into the river Tiber to protect against waterborne illness. |
| Who was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms using a simple, single-lens microscope? - | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. |
| What process did Louis Pasteur develop to kill microorganisms that cause food spoilage? - | Pasteurization. |
| Which scientist first demonstrated the connection between a single isolated microbe and a specific human disease? - | Robert Koch. |
| What diseases did Robert Koch link to specific microbes? - | Anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis. |
| Define taxonomy. - | The science of naming organisms. |
| What are the three Domains of life in the current classification system? - | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. |
| Which domains contain all prokaryotic organisms? - | Bacteria and Archaea. |
| List the 8 major taxonomic levels in descending order. - | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
| What is the Binomial System of Nomenclature? - | A two-name method of assigning scientific names developed by Linnaeus, consisting of the genus name followed by the species name. |
| What are the formatting rules for writing a scientific name? - | The genus is capitalized, the species is lowercase, and both are italicized (or underlined if handwritten). |
| When can a scientific name be abbreviated? - | After the full genus name has already been stated in the document. |
| What is the primary difference between bacteria and archaea regarding their environment? - | Archaea are often found in extreme environments (extremophiles), such as very hot, cold, basic, or acidic conditions. |
| Why are helminths studied in microbiology? - | Because disease-causing helminths have microscopic eggs and larvae. |
| What are viruses considered in terms of their biological activity? - | Obligate intracellular parasites that are inert outside of a host cell. |
| What is the approximate size of a typical virus compared to a bacterium? - | A virus is about 100 nm, which is 10 times smaller than a typical bacterium (~1 μm). |
| What is the minimum size an object must be to be visible without a microscope? - | About 100 μm. |
| What is the function of Bergey's Manuals? - | They serve as standard references for identifying and classifying different prokaryotes. |
| What defines a pathogen? - | An organism that causes disease. |
| What is the significance of the microbial world to the ecosphere? - | It is the basis upon which the whole ecosphere rests; without it, multicellular life could not exist. |
| What are protozoans in terms of cellular structure? - | Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and cell walls. |
| What is the active, motile feeding stage of a protozoan called? - | Trophozoite. |
| What is the dormant, resistant stage of a protozoan called? - | Cyst. |
| What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica? - | Amoebic dysentery. |
| Which protozoan causes a fatal brain infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis? - | Naegleria fowleri. |
| What is the primary vector for the transmission of malaria? - | The Anopheles mosquito. |
| What are the common symptoms of malaria? - | Fever, anemia, and malarial paroxysm (cycles of feeling hot and cold). |
| How is Cryptosporidium typically transmitted? - | Through contaminated water and sometimes food. |
| Why is Toxoplasma gondii infection particularly dangerous for pregnant women? - | It can damage or kill the fetus. |
| What disease is caused by Balantidium coli? - | Intestinal infection (dysentery). |
| Which protozoan is associated with malabsorption syndrome due to fat uptake issues? - | Giardia lamblia. |
| Which protozoan exists only in the trophozoite form and causes a sexually transmitted infection? - | Trichomonas vaginalis. |
| What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease)? - | The triatomine (kissing) bug. |
| What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness)? - | The tsetse fly. |
| Why are parasitic helminths studied in microbiology? - | Because many are identified by microscopic eggs and larvae. |
| What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious helminths? - | Monoecious worms have both sexes on the same worm; dioecious worms have separate sexes. |
| What is the role of an intermediate host in a helminth life cycle? - | The host in which larval development occurs. |
| What is the role of a definitive host in a helminth life cycle? - | The host in which adulthood and mating occur. |
| What are the two main groups of flatworms? - | Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). |
| What are the primary physical characteristics of nematodes (roundworms)? - | Round shape, complete digestive tract, and a protective surface cuticle. |
| Which is the largest nematode to infect humans? - | Ascaris. |
| What is the most common helminthic infection in the United States? - | Enterobius (pinworm). |
| Where do female pinworms (Enterobius) typically deposit their eggs? - | At the anus. |
| What are the three modes of motility for protozoans? - | Flagella, cilia, and pseudopods. |
| What is the primary nutritional mode of protozoans? - | Heterotrophic (engulfing other microbes and organic matter). |
| What are the two main categories of nematodes based on their location in the host? - | Intestinal nematodes and tissue nematodes. |
| What is the difference between an intermediate host and a definitive host? - | An intermediate host is where larval development occurs, while a definitive host is where adulthood and mating occur. |
| What are the two main groups of parasitic helminths? - | Roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (Platyhelminthes). |
| Which nematode is the largest to infect humans? - | Ascaris. |
| How is the pinworm (Enterobius) typically transmitted? - | By swallowing microscopic eggs picked up from infected persons or contaminated objects. |
| What is the primary transmission method for the hookworm (Necator)? - | Contact with soil contaminated with human feces. |
| How is Trichinella typically contracted? - | By ingesting larvae-contaminated tissue, usually undercooked pork or bear meat. |
| What is the unique emergence behavior of the female Guinea worm (Dracunculus)? - | It travels to the skin, creates a hole, and releases larvae into water when the host seeks relief from the burning sensation. |
| What are the two subgroups of flatworms? - | Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms). |
| How is the liver fluke (Clonorchis) spread? - | By eating undercooked fish. |
| What is the intermediate host for the lung fluke (Paragonimus)? - | Snails and crustaceans. |
| What are the potential severe health consequences of a Schistosoma (blood fluke) infection? - | Fatal kidney failure from UTIs or seizures if worms enter the CNS. |
| What is the function of the scolex in tapeworms? - | It is the head structure used for attachment via hooks and/or suckers. |
| What are proglottids? - | Segments of a tapeworm that contain ovaries and testes for producing fertilized eggs. |
| Define mycosis. - | An illness caused by fungi. |
| What is the primary component of fungal cell walls? - | Chitin. |
| What sterol is found in fungal cell membranes? - | Ergosterol. |
| What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae? - | Septate hyphae are divided by cross walls, while coenocytic hyphae are not. |
| How do yeasts reproduce? - | Asexually through a process called budding. |
| What does it mean for a fungus to be dimorphic? - | It can exist as either a yeast or a mold depending on growth conditions. |
| What is the function of vegetative hyphae? - | To digest and absorb nutrients. |
| What is the primary mode of infection for Mucor and Aspergillus? - | Inhalation of spores. |
| Which fungi are responsible for cutaneous mycoses like ringworm and athlete's foot? - | Microsporum and Epidermophyton. |
| How does Histoplasma adapt to the human body? - | It is dimorphic; it grows as a mycelium in the environment but turns into a yeast at body temperature (37 °C). |
| What are two common infections caused by Candida? - | Vaginal yeast infections and thrush. |
| What is the main virulence factor for Cryptococcus? - | The presence of a capsule. |
| What is a saprobe? - | An organism that lives off dead plants and animals. |
| What is the agricultural impact of Aspergillus flavus? - | It produces aflatoxin, a lethal poison, in contaminated grain. |
| What are pseudohyphae? - | Chains of budding yeast cells that stick together. |
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