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ch.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weight gaining strategies | - eating schedule - energy dense (higher fat) food (ex: avocados, whole milk) - high protein shake/bar/supplements - strength training for lean muscle gain |
| cause of excess of adiposity | - genes coding for ghrelin and leptin and uncoupling proteins interact with environment (diet and activity patterns) - they interfere with energy balance & satiety of metabolic pathways |
| weight gaining strategies | - eating schedule - energy dense (higher fat) food (ex: avocados, whole milk) - high protein shake/bar/supplements - strength training for lean muscle gain |
| process of fat development | stem cells differentiate into mature adipocytes (fat cells), storing energy as triglycerides |
| cause of excess of adiposity | - genes coding for ghrelin and leptin and uncoupling proteins interact with environment (diet and activity patterns) - they interfere with energy balance & satiety of metabolic pathways |
| why it can be difficult to maintain weight gains and losses | - set point theory - adipose tissue produces more lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme post weight loss (increasing fat storage) - BMR is slower post-weight loss |
| set point theory | - body has genetically programmed weight range through biological & physiological mechanisms (like hunger/metabolism) |
| leptin (coded by obesity gene) def | - hormone in hypothalamus regulating food intake by # of adipose tissue in body - appetite deceases and energy use expenditure increases as fat stores increase (and vice versa) |
| leptin resistance | - condition in where appetite is not suppressed & energy expenditure isn't increased -> high fat stores/obesity |
| obesogenic environments | places that encourage overeating and low physical activity |
| adipokines | signaling proteins including leptin and adiponectin, secreted by adipose tissue (fat cells) to regulate metabolic and cardiovascular function |
| anti-fat prejudice (w/obesity) negative psychological results | - shame - depression & anxiety - emotional eating -etc |
| anti-fat prejudice (w/obesity) negative social results | - social exclusion/discrimination - healthcare barriers bc of stigma/equipment limitations |
| Fad diets | plan that promotes results such as fast weight loss often without robust scientific evidence to support its claims |
| risks of aggressive weight loss methods (fad diets/excessive kcal restriction) | - nutritional deficiencies - loss of lean body mass - metabolic/hormonal irregularities - psych risks |
| bariatric surgery | - weight loss surgery - most effective treatment for class III obesity |
| risk of bariatric (weight loss) surgery | - weight can be regained - vitamin/mineral deficiencies - psychological challenges |
| how bariatric (weight loss) surgery induces weight loss | - restricts stomach storage limit - reduces nutrient/calorie absorption - lowers ghrelin for less hunger - increases GYP-1 for increased satiety |
| Health at Every Size movement principles | - health equity - ending weight discrimination - improving quality healthcare access (regardless of size) |
| mechanisms of action for the GLP-1 agonist (ex: Wegovy) class of medications | Semaglutide mimics a natural appetite-regulating hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), increasing feelings of fullness |
| effects of physical activity on metabolism, body composition, mood, and weight loss | metabolism: increases with physical activity body composition: improved, decreases ab fat mood: reduced stressed, higher esteem weight loss: less appetite & weight regain |
| realistic and effective strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight | - balanced calorie-controlled diets - regular physical activity - behavior modification - adequate sleep and stress management |
| healthy rate of weight loss (pounds per week) | - ½ to 2 lbs per week |
| minimum amount of kcals an adult should be consuming per day | 1,200 kcal/day |
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