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Microbiology exam 1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ____ are organisms without membrane-bound nuclei. | Prokarytoes |
| The Swedish botanist known for having developed an important biological classification system is which of the following people? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Which of the following is when humans first suspected the existence of microbes? | in prehistoric times |
| Which of the following is true of the microbial world? | Many microbes are helpful |
| Which of the following is a correct usage of binomial nomenclature? | Homo sapiens |
| Yeasts are which of the following? | unicellular fungi |
| A ______ is a disease-causing microorganism. | pathogen |
| The study of viruses is ___________. | Virology |
| Simple single-celled organisms with no membrane-bound organelles that are found in the domains bacteria and archaea | prokaryotes |
| A diverse, informal subgroup of organisms that may move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia | protozoa |
| Multi-cellular organisms studied in microbiology because they are spread via microscopic eggs, cysts or larvae | helminths |
| A group of nonphotosynthetic organisms that usually have cell walls containing chitin | fungi |
| Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called: | prokaryotes |
| Which two taxonomic units are typically used to iden- tify an organism when using binomial nomenclature? | genus and species |
| Which of the following is NOT true about the process of fermentation? | It is carried out exclusively by unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast |
| Bacteria are generally identified to species by using which of the following? | a combination of genetic, biochemical and microscopic approaches |
| Which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism? | yeast |
| Fermentation by yeast produces ethanol and _____ gas. | carbon dioxide |
| _______ is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying living organisms | Taxonomy |
| Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? | mosquito |
| Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism? | bacterium |
| Which individual first observed unicellular organisms, which he called "animalcules," using a microscope he developed? | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| Which are the three currently accepted domains? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
| Which of the following indicates how bacteria and viruses typically compare in size? | Bacteria are much larger than viruses. |
| Viruses are not included in phylogenic trees for which of the following reasons? | They are acellular and nonliving |
| The process by which microbes turn grape juice into wine is called _____ | fermentation |
| The study of the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria. | bacteriology |
| The study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their ability to cause illness and disease | mycology |
| The branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms. | parasitology |
| The study of how antibodies are released in response to a pathogen. | immunology |
| The general term for molecules that bind to structures such as receptors, including the molecules that bind to receptors in cell-mediated endocytosis, is: | ligand |
| The ________ model is the model currently used to explain the structure of the plasma membrane | fluid mosaic |
| True or false? Mitochondria contain their own DNA | true |
| True or false? The bacterial cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions | true |
| Which cell would best be able to survive in a hypotonic environment? | a gram-positive bacterium in a medium without antibiotics |
| Prokaryotes are classified into which domain(s)? | Domains Archaea and Bacteria only |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system? | mitochondria |
| The idea that life could appear from nonliving materials was called which of the following? | the theory of spontaneous generation |
| Which of the following is true of ribosomes? | Organelle ribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S. |
| The plasma membrane is a(n) _____ bilayer | phospolipid |
| If a protozoan cell (with no cell wall) is placed into distilled water (with all solutes removed), water would flow ________ the cell and the cell would ________. | into; lyse |
| True or false? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella have the same structure? | false |
| True or false? Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. | true |
| The lipopolysaccharide layer is an important component of the cell walls of which organisms? | gram-negative bacteria |
| When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in salt water with a higher-solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm, the cell will undergo which of the following? | plasmolysis |
| Bristle-like protein appendages used by bacteria for attachment | fimbriae |
| How did John Lister dramatically improve surgical outcomes? | by using phenol as an antiseptic and disinfectant during surgery |
| Bacteria use flagella to move purposefully toward or away from a chemical by which of the following? | increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles |
| Waxy coating over a cell wall of organisms in the genus Mycobacterium | mycolic acid |
| Gelatinous polysaccharide coating that some cells can produce and that protects the cell from phagocytosis | glycocalyx |
| Peptidoglycan layer surrounding the plasma membrane of bacterial cells and that can protect the cell from osmotic lysis. | cell wall |
| A protective coating that forms around a metabolically inactive bacteria during adverse environmental conditions | endospore |
| The _______ is the outermost portion of an endospore | exosporium |
| _________ is a form of transportation used by bacteria, but not by eukaryotic cells, where molecules are chemically modified as they enter the cell against their concentration gradient | group translocation |
| True or false? All bacterial cells can form endospores. | false |
| True or false? All amoebas are prokaryotes. | false |
| In eukaryotic cells, the function of the nucleolus is which of the following? | It is where ribosomal RNA is synthesized, and ribosome assembly begins |
| Flagella located at opposite ends of a cell are called | Amphitrichous |
| Cytoskeleton microfilaments are composed of which structure? | actin |
| Peptidoglycan is made up of | repeating long NAG and NAM chains cross-linked by short protein (peptide) fragments |
| Which of the following is NOT a clinically significant, spore-forming bacterium? | Escherichia coli |
| circular bacterial shape -chains= -clusters= 4 cocci in a square= | cocci/coccus - streptococcus - staphylococcus 4- tetrad |
| rod bacteria shape -chain= | bacillus/bacilli -streptobacilli |
| comma bacteria shape | vibrio |
| flexible/corkscrew bacteria shape | spirochete |
| modifies materials and packages them into vesicles for transport to the plasma membrane or out of the cell | Golgi apparatus |
| The cells waste disposal: contains digestive enzymes | lysosome |
| Synthesizes and transports proteins | rough ER |
| has its own DNA; is site of cellular respiration | mitochondrion |
| Classify: Helminth | Dracunculus medinensis |
| Classify: virus | Ebola |
| Classify: protist | Giardia lamblia |
| Classify: fungus | yeast (Candida albicans) |
| Cryptosporidium: | drinking contaminated water |
| Plasmodium: | being bitten by mosquitoes |
| Toxoplasma: | exposure to contaminated cat feces |
| Trichomonas: | sexual transmission |
| A solution with a higher solute concentration than that inside the cell | hypertonic |
| A solution with a lower solute concentration than that inside the cell | hypotonic |
| A solution with a concentration equivalent to that inside the cell | isotonic |
| The cytoplasm of a cell with 3% NaCl in distilled water | hypotonic |
| Which physician realized that doctors were causing maternal deaths by failing to wash their hands while assisting during childbirth? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| The first known use of epidemiology to trace the source of a disease outbreak was the identification of contaminated water as the cause of cholera transmission in London. Which of the following was the physician who accomplished this? | John Snow |
| Osmosis is | the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| Fungi use filaments know as | hyphae |
| Protozoa are best described as being | nonphotosynthetic unicellular microorganisms |
| Cestodes are often transmitted via which of the following | undercooks meats |
| The first known epidemiological study found that the disease ______ was being spread from wells in London | cholera |
| The apical complex of Apicompledans such as Plasmodium is involved in which cellular process? | entry into host cells |
| Which of the following is a parasitic ciliate? | Balantidium coli |
| Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? | fungi can be autotrophic or heterotrophic |
| Which fungus is common in the microbiota of a healthy individual? | Candida albicans |
| Diphyllobothrium: | ingestion of undercooked fish |
| Enterobius: | nail biting, poor hygiene or inadequate hand washing |
| Schistosoma: | carried in freshwater snails; when released; immature larvae burrow into the blood then migrate to organs |
| Drancunculus: | water contaminated with water fleas containing the larvae |
| Chromatin: | DNA and the proteins around which it is arranged |
| Histone: | protein around which DNA is wrapped |
| Peptidyl transferase: | an RNA enzyme that catalyzes bond formation during translation |
| Topoisomerase: | an enzyme that helps prevent overwinding of the DNA during DNA replication |
| Which best describes the mitochondrial DNA chromosome? | it is circular |
| Which of the following is a name for nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure? | purines |
| Which of the following is located on the 5' end of a DNA strand? | a phosphate group |
| True or false? The peptidyl transferase enzymatic activity of ribosomes is due to rRNA. | true |
| True or false? The presence of double-stranded RNA suggests a viral infection. | true |
| The monomers of DNA and RNA are called ______ which consis of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotides |
| A molecule with a sugar a base but no phosphate is called a _____: | nucleoside |
| Streptococcus mutans only expresses the genes for slime-layer production when which of the following occurs? | sucrose is present |
| True or false? Ribosomal RNA is shorter than messenger RNA and transfer RNA. | false |
| Ribose and deoxyribose have five carbons, so they are referred to as a _____ sugar | pentose |
| The type of chemical bonds that hold together the two strands of a DNA double helix are called ______ bonds. | hydrogen |
| Messenger RNA: | -short, unstable, single-stranded RNA that encodes genetic genetic information -has codons that determine the order of amino acids in a polypeptide |
| ribosomal RNA: | relatively long, stable RNA involved in catalyzing bond formation and stabilizing the structures involved in translation |
| transfer RNA: | short, stable RNA with extensive intramolecular base pairing |
| Which of the following correctly describes the number and type of bond(s) that stabilize an adenine-thymine base pair? | two hydrogen bonds |
| Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA? | DNA is used for a shorter-term functions than RNA |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of an organisms phenotype? | the DNA sequence of a cellular genome |
| True or false? Extrachromal DNA can be viral | true |
| ________ are another name for the topoisomerases found in prokaryotes | DNA gyrase |
| Conjugation: | DNA is transferred through a pilus |
| Transduction: | DNA is transferred by a bacteriophage |
| Transformation: | DNA is picked up from the environment |
| Transposition: | DNA excises from one location and inserts in another |
| The structure formed by an mRNA with multiple attached ribosomes is called a(n) _____ | polyribosome |
| A molecule that influences regulation of prokaryotic gene expression found in the 5' end of mRNA is called a(n) _____ | riboswitch |
| An operon encoding genes that are transcribed and translated continuously to provide the cell with constant intermediate levels of the protein products is said to be which of the following? | constitutive |
| True or false? The termination of DNA replication is understood far better than the initiation of DNA replication | false |
| True or false? Each codon with genetic code encodes a different amino acid | false |
| The central dogma describes which of the following? | the steps of gene expression |
| Operator: | site where a repressor can bind |
| promoter: | site where RNA polymerase binds |
| Structural genes: | code for proteins with related, metabolic functions |
| Regulatory genes: | code for a protein that binds to the operator |
| Translation is the process of making | a protein from the info constrained in the mRNA |
| Which statement best describes polyribomes? | they can only form after RNA has left the nucleus in eukaryotes, but are found in all domains |
| Telomeres are found in which of the following? | fungal, protists, plant and animal chromosomes |
| Which process produces an RNA copy of a DNA molecules template strand? | transcription |
| Gene expression includes which of the following? | transcription and translation |
| _____ replication is a type of regulation that occurs when DNA is modified in a way that does not affect the nucleotide sequence. This is often accomplished by methylation. | epigenetic |
| The tryptophan operon can be turned off when there is an excess of tryptophan in the environment, making it a(n) ______ operon | repressible |
| True or false? Prokaryotes usually have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes usually have multiple origins of replication | true |
| True or false? Cells are always producing proteins from every gene they possess | false |
| The cell walls of archaeans often contain which of the following substances? | pseudopeptidoglycan |
| Which of the following is not true about the process of fermentation? | It is carried out exclusively by unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast. |
| Archaea: | halophiles |
| Bacteria: | spirochetes |
| Eukarya: | helminths |
| Plasmids: | extrachromosomal DNA |
| Ribosome: | site of protein synthesis |
| Cytosol (cytoplasm): | gel-like aqueous solution carrying the dissolved chemicals a cell needs for growth |
| Inclusion bodies: | structure for storing excess nutrients |
| The general term for molecules that bind to structures such as receptors, including the receptors in cell-mediated endocytosis is ________ | ligand |
| The _________ is the outermost portion of an endospore | exosporium |
| Which of the following are anchored into the plasma membrane by a basal body composed of nine triplets of microtubules? | eukaryotic cilia and flagella only |
| Immediately following asymmetric cell division during sporulation, which of the following structures contains the DNA and goes on to develop an endospore? | forespore |
| . Which of the following is NOT a difference between endospores and vegetative cells? | vegetative cells are more resilient due to their metabolic activity, whereas endospores are more sensitive to change |
| Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism? | bacterium |
| Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called? | prokaryotes |
| True or false? Some bacterial inclusions are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane | true |
| True or false? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella have the same structure | false |
| All cells have which of the following? | plasma membrane |
| The organelle in protists that regulates osmolarity is known as which of the following? | contractile vacuole |
| Which fungus is common in the microbiota of a healthy individual? | Candida albicans |
| The apical complex of Apicomplexans such as Plasmodium is involved in which cellular process? | entry into host cells |
| . The feeding and growth portion of a protozoan's life cycle is known as the _______ stage | trophozoite |
| True or false? Apicomplexans are parasitic protists | true |
| A nucleoside contains which of the following components? | a sugar and a base |
| True or false? Prokaryotes are generally haploid | true |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of an organisms phenotype? | the DNA of a cellular genome |
| Which of the following is a name for nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure? | purines |
| True or false? Extrachromosomal DNA can be viral | true |
| True or false? Noncoding DNA appears to have very few functions and is known as "junk DNA | false |
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