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short answer questio

QuestionAnswer
1 What are the 2 functions of Step 1 in glycolysis? trap glucose destablize it
2 In Step 3 of glycolysis, phosphofructokinase phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate. Why is this step important? the molecule could be stored as glycogen but is now committed to the glycolysis pathway
3 In Step 10 of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase phosphorylates ADP to make ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. What does this mean? the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
4 How does pyruvate cross the mitochondrial outer membrane? What about the mitochondrial inner membrane? it crosses the outer membrane by large voltage gated channels and the inner membrane by proton symports
5 The citric acid cycle is outlined below. Identify products produced as labeled by boxes A-E. NADH NADH GTP/ATP FADH2 NADH
6 Why is it significant that the signal sequence for mitochondrial proteins is characterized by positively charged amino acids like lysine and arginine. positive charges are pulled in by negative membrane potentials in the matrix
7 Describe the import of proteins across the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria. 1. n-terminal associates with the import receptor 2. lateral membrane diffusion occurs until it reaches the transporter in the inner membrane 3.protein is translocated across the inner and outer membrane 4.the protein is refolded by chaperone proteins
8 What are two methods cells use to separate incompatible reaction? 1. aggregate enzyme in large complexes 2.confine them to membrane bound organelles
9 Broadly speaking, what are the 3 methods of delivering proteins to location in the cell? 1. nuclear pores 2. across membranes 3. vestibular transport
10 What modifications are made to proteins in the ER? glycolization and disulfide bond formation
11 What functions do the modifications made to proteins in the ER provide? 1. stablizes structure 2. protects from degradation 3. tells the proteins where to go
12 Discuss the movement of proteins entering and exiting the Golgi via vesicular transport. 1. proteins enter cis golgi from ER 2. they move through the cell by transport vesicles 3. they undergo addition and removal of oligosaccharides 4. exit the trans golgi and go to their specific place
13 Name three possible fates for an endocytosed molecule that has reached the endosome. 1. recycled to the og membrane 2. destroyed in the lysosomes 3. transcytosed into another membrane
14 Discuss the uptake of cholesterol via LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis. 1.LDL particles bind to the LDL receptor 2. LDL receptor goes to clatherin-coated pit and binds to adaptin proteins 3. it gets uncoated and fuses with endosome 4. LDL receptor dissociates 5. endosome fuses with a lysosome and cholesterol is released
15 Describe the steps of co-translational import of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum. signal sequence, signal recognition particle, signal recognition particle receptor, protein translocator, ribosome, and translation. 1.SRP binds to signal sequence and ribosome, slowing translaton 2.SRP binds to SRP receptor on ER membrane 3.SRP receptor binds to protein translocator 4.signal sequence opens channel in translation 5.SPR dissociates 6.translation continues
16 Eukaryotic cells are continually taking up materials from the extracellular space by the process of endocytosis. One type of endocytosis is , which forms small vesicles containing fluids and molecules. pinocytosis endosome phagocytosis
17 In oxidative phosphorylation, what two features are necessary to generate ATP? 1.potential energy of diffusion 2.selective membrane properties
18 Trace the movement of electrons as well as proton movement through the electron transport chain from NADH to H2O. 1.electrons are trans from NADH to dehydrogenase complex 2.electrons are trans to ubiquinone 3.electrons are trans from cytochrom c reductase complex 4.electrons are trans from reductase complex to oxidase complex 5.electrons accepted by oxygen. H2O
19 Describe the steps of the light reactions including the movement of electrons and how NADPH and ATP are formed. 1. electrons in photo2 excited 2.reaction center pass electrons to mobile carrier 3.electrons passed to b6-f complex 4.elecrons passed to another mobile carrier 5.electrons in photo1 excited 6.electrons passed to carrier to make NADPH and ATP
20 Where does the Calvin cycle get its inputs of CO2, ATP, and NADPH? CO2 comes from the atmosphere and ATP and NADPH comes from light reactions
21 What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? carbon fixation carbon reduction regenration of ribulose
22 The tendency for a redox (oxidation-reduction) pair like NADH/NAD+ or the electrons carriers in the electron transport chain to donate or accept electrons is called it's . This is a measure of the for electrons. Electrons will move spontaneously redox potential affinity low high
23 List 3 general functions of the cytoskeleton of the cell. cell movement endocytosis cell division
24 are associated with tensile strength while are stiff, hollow tubes that play a large role in cell division. a thinner, more flexible, and are associated with functions involving motor proteins. indermediate filaments microtubules actin filaments
25 Why do defects in nuclear lamin proteins lead to signs of early aging as seen in the disease progeria? defective lamin proteins lead to nuclear instability which impairs cell division
26describe the event of muscle contraction at the level of the myosin head attachment at actin from the attachment step. use terms attachment, ATP, myosin head, actin, rigor, ADP, inorganic phosphate, cocked position, conformational change, power stroke 1. during attachment, myosin head binds to actin filament in rigor config 2.ATP is bound, releasing actin 3.after ATP hydrolysis to ADP and PI, conformational change in myosin head to cocked position 4.pi releases conform change making power stroke
Created by: user-1927187
 

 



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