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Spring B2 Vocab

TermDefinition
Availability Heuristic Relying on the most readily available memory to solve a problem.
Representativeness Heuristic Matching an item to a "prototype" to decide if it fits in a category.
Primacy Effect Tendency to remember the first items in a list better than the middle.
Recency Effect Tendency to remember the last items in a list better than the middle.
Confirmation Bias Tendency to seek out information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.
Belief Perseverance Holding onto a belief even after it has been discredited.
Hindsight Bias Believing you "knew it all along" after learning an outcome.
Convergent Thinking Ability to provide a single, well-established answer to a problem.
Divergent Thinking Aiming for many possible answers to a single problem.
Encoding The process of getting information into the memory system.
Hippocampus Part of the brain that specifically processes explicit memories.
Hypothalamus Brain part in charge of the endocrine (hormone) system.
Reticular Formation Brain part that controls alertness and arousal.
Sympathetic Nervous System The system that "pumps you up" for fight-or-flight.
Parasympathetic Nervous System The "calming" system that returns the body to rest.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Neurons that send messages from the body to the brain.
Motor (Efferent) Neurons Neurons that take messages from the brain to the body.
Broca's Area Brain area responsible for the physical production of speech.
Wernicke's Area Brain area responsible for the understanding of language.
Association Areas Parts of the cerebral cortex involved in thinking and memories.
Independent Variable The variable purposefully changed by the researcher.
Dependent Variable The variable that is measured to see if it changed.
Confounding Variable An extraneous factor that might interfere with results.
Random Assignment Assigning participants to groups by chance to ensure equality.
Random Sampling Picking a sample where everyone has an equal chance of being included.
Positive Correlation A relationship where both variables move in the same direction.
Negative Correlation A relationship where variables move in opposite directions.
Mean The mathematical average of a set of numbers.
Median The middle value in a set of numbers ordered low to high.
Mode The most frequently occurring value in a data set.
Classical Conditioning Learning through involuntary, automatic reflex associations.
Operant Conditioning Learning through voluntary choices and their consequences.
Positive Reinforcement Strengthening behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement Strengthening behavior by removing something unpleasant.
Stimulus Generalization Responding to similar stimuli as if they were the original.
Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not shown until there is an incentive.
Mirror Neurons Brain cells that fire when watching someone else perform an action.
Shaping Reinforcing successive approximations toward a complex behavior.
Ratio Schedule Reinforcement based on the number of responses performed.
Interval Schedule Reinforcement based on the amount of time that has passed.
Transduction Turning external energy (light/sound) into neural impulses.
Cones Photoreceptors in the retina that process color and detail.
Rods Photoreceptors in the retina that process black/white and night vision.
Cochlea Snail-shaped part of the inner ear responsible for hearing.
Semicircular Canals Part of the ear responsible for the vestibular sense (balance).
Gate Control Theory Suggests we can block pain signals with competing signals.
Bottom-Up Processing Starting with sensory input and moving to interpretation.
Top-Down Processing Using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensations.
Apparent Movement Seeing movement in a series of still images (flipbook style).
Sensory Interaction Idea that senses like smell and touch influence taste.
Object Permanence Understanding things exist even when out of sight.
Accommodation Changing or modifying existing schemas to fit new info.
Theory of Mind Understanding that others have different perspectives than you.
Authoritative Balanced parenting with high expectations and warmth.
Authoritarian Bossy, strict parenting style with little responsiveness.
Reciprocal Determinism Interaction of environment, traits, and behavior.
Displacement Taking out an impulse on a less threatening target.
Rationalization Making up a good-sounding reason to justify a behavior.
Reaction Formation Acting the exact opposite of how you truly feel.
Sublimation Turning negative energy into a socially acceptable avenue.
Drive-Reduction Theory Motivation to satisfy biological needs for homeostasis.
Optimal Arousal Theory Motivation to reach a perfect individual level of stress.
Yerkes-Dodson Law Difficult tasks need low arousal; easy tasks need high arousal.
Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) Emotion requires physical arousal and a cognitive label.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis Facial expressions can influence the emotions we feel.
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Getting used to a new level of happiness as "normal."
Relative Deprivation Feeling less happy by comparing yourself to those with more.
Approach-Approach Conflict Choosing between two equally desirable options.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict Choosing between two equally undesirable options.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict Being drawn to and repelled by the same single option.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Feeling anxious all the time with no specific trigger.
Social Anxiety Intense fear of being judged or scrutinized by others.
Agoraphobia Fear of inescapable environments where help isn't available.
Major Depressive Disorder Sadness and loss of energy lasting at least two weeks.
Delusions False beliefs held despite contradictory evidence.
Hallucinations Sensory experiences (like hearing voices) without stimulation.
Illness Anxiety Disorder Thinking normal body sensations indicate major illness.
Antisocial Personality Disregarding and violating the rights of others without remorse.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors.
ADHD Patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity.
Systematic Desensitization Exposure therapy using relaxation to lessen fears.
Client-Centered Therapy Humanist therapy where the client determines the focus.
Cognitive Therapy Therapy aimed at changing irrational or unrealistic thinking.
Psychodynamic Therapy Uses techniques like hypnosis to uncover the unconscious.
Antipsychotic Drugs Medications that decrease dopamine to treat schizophrenia.
SSRI Medication that increases serotonin by blocking its reuptake.
Lithium Mood-stabilizing drug used specifically for Bipolar Disorder.
General Adaptation Syndrome Three stages of stress: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
Lymphocytes White blood cells used by the immune system to fight disease.
Problem-Focused Coping Attempting to lessen stress by changing the situation.
Automatic Processing "Accidental" memorization of info without conscious effort.
Effortful Processing Actively trying to memorize info through attention.
Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval triggered by being in the same environment.
Encoding Failure Forgetting because info never paid attention to/entered memory.
Implicit Priming Unconscious influence of a stimulus on a later response.
Mood-Congruent Memory Recalling experiences consistent with current mood.
State-Dependent Memory Remembering info better when in the same physical state.
Assimilation Fitting new info into existing schemas without changing them.
Maturation Orderly physical stages of development (same sequence for all).
Spinal Reflex Arc Immediate response where interneurons act before the brain.
Algorithm A logical, step-by-step formula that guarantees a correct answer.
Glial Cells Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons in the brain.
Interneurons Neurons within the brain/spinal cord that communicate internally.
Secondary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive traits (deep voice, hair) during puberty.
Specific Phobia Intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
Cognitive Appraisal The mental process of interpreting a situation to label an emotion.
Cross-Sectional Design Comparing different groups of people at a single point in time.
Dichromatism Color blindness where the person lacks one of three cone types.
Created by: lcurty100
 

 



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